Ferrari is owned by Fiat (and it has an exceptional history).
Lamborghini is owned by VW.
RR is owned by BMW.
All of these cars use technologies funded by or borrowed from their parent. Lamborghini was seriously behind the cutting-edge when VW bought it, now they are catching up (last independently made Lambos had tubular frames).
One of the smallest independent automaker is Mazda, it produces around 1.2M cars per year, they can afford this because they're really innovative.
Tesla has some leeway for now as electric engines are significantly simpler than modern combustion engines, as the latter are extremely difficult to design because of environmental regulations (especially European ones). Designing a nice interior or rigid chassis is simpler than operating a naturally aspirated V10 in the E90 M5 that has an Euro5 cert..