I took the liberty of looking up some numbers, because clearly you haven't. The answer to your question is over 46.6 million Americans(1) (you have 300 million total), the ones without health insurance.
Add another 25 million Americans(2) who are underinsured and the number is scarier. Underinsured is defined as people who have insurance but end up spending >10% of their income on health care expenses.
The same source (2) indicates that 42% of working adults (19 to 64 years-old) are uninsured or underinsured.
So in short, who in the US doesn't have access to health care? Apparently 42% of them.
"Quite honestly, I don't see why this is such a massive issue with everyone right now..."
You don't see an issue with someone breaking a leg and going bankrupt because of it? You don't see an issue with a population going broke just to keep themselves hobbling along?
Here's some more fun. 50% of bankruptcies in the US today are due to health care costs (5). In fact, 68% of those who declare bankruptcy due to unaffordable health care costs have health insurance (4).
You don't see a problem here?
"Medical innovation (in it's current state, meaning building things on a molecular level) is prohibitively expensive."
Yet Europe and Canada (and other first-world nations with public health care) are doing fine at their own medical research. It's s till expensive, but it's being funded by the government, and the people still get great health care (some of it is better than the US...).
Your thesis is one that is trotted out a lot by proponents of the private system, but it simply holds no water. We have many cases of massive medical R&D being done in countries where every single person receives free health care.
"Also, how does the US Gov't plan on getting the cost of healthcare down?"
Easy. By going public. You asked if there is a magic wand, and I'm here to tell you it doesn't get more magic-wand-y than this. Right now 25% of every health care dollar spent is going towards administrative expenses (2), compared to 1% to 5% for public health systems around the world (2).
By cutting out the private insurance companies you instantly gain a 26-32% efficiency on your health care dollars. Imagine the number of people you can cover with that massive amount of money (some $400 billion per year as of 2003).
(1) http://www.cbpp.org/cms/?fa=view&id=628
(2) http://health.usnews.com/articles/health/healthday/2008/06/1...
(3) http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/8800.php
(4) http://www.nchc.org/facts/cost.shtml
(5) http://www.pnhp.org/new_bankruptcy_study/Bankruptcy-2009.pdf