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Comment by cube13 | Hacker News Reader

>What I read him as saying (and agree with) is that he's surprised that GnuTLS isn't tested against known-bad certificates in a simple integration test that doesn't require a Ph.D. to set up, as you imply.

Define "known-bad" in a general enough way that a specific test can be created to cover the entire range of "bad" certs. That's quite difficult, and, probably isn't realistically possible to go through all the "known-bad" if you want your tests to run quickly.

Realistically, all you can do is have regression tests to make sure that the found bugs aren't repeated in future releases.

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> Define "known-bad" in a general enough way that a specific test can be created to cover the entire range of "bad" certs.

Any known-bad cert at all would have been quite sufficient to catch this bug apparently. A simple ARE WE ACCEPTING BAD CERTIFICATES LOL sanity-check would have found it, which is the kind of unit test it should be possible to think of in advance rather than in response to a specific bug found earlier. A little can go a long way.

EDIT: Additionally, the difficulty of catching all bad certs is good reason to develop and continually update a torture-test of invalid certs (and valid ones) to test SSL clients against. The suite would be much too slow to check against once per recompile, but testing once before each point release should be useful enough...

My thoughts on this are more about the previous TLS disclosure, not this one, where an integration test that says "this invalid certificate should fail validation" probably would have caught it. But, this isn't my argument to make as I don't know enough about it, I just want to see the actual coherent argument made instead of a side tangent as we're seeing here.

What integration test? Writing that integration test implies that you know the bug is a possibility. Once you consider that possibility, a glance at the code tells you if it's there or not. It's not like this bug is likely to regress, either.

Again, I'm talking about the "goto fail" one, not this one, in which a simple test of the library against an invalid certificate would have caught at least one case that I recall. And I think it's pretty obvious that "you might erroneously validate a bad certificate" is a bug that's, you know, a given.

    Feature: *Certificate Validation*
      In order to *keep NSA from reading my emai*
      As a *TLS X.509 validation library*
      I want *to never erroneously validate a certificate*

What are the "Scenarios"?

      Given: *???*
      And: *???*
      When: *???*
      Then: *the certificate should be rejected*

Remember, if we're switching topics to the "goto fail" bug: that bug didn't affect every instance of certificate validation. You had to be in a particular set of ciphersuites.

I spent a few minutes replying to your original comment, then you ninja edited in the closing paragraph and invalidated mine, so this is where I end the conversation. I can't reply to an ever-shifting comment with someone who reads what they want to read out of my comments and invokes the NSA for no reason whatsoever.

You'd be a happier person if you didn't assume people were editing their comments just to make you look bad. You can be assured that if I had seen you respond to something I'd written, I'd have noted where I added to my original comment.

But I agree that you & I are better off not discussing things.

I'm quite a happy person and thanks for the irrelevant concern trolling, based on a comment thread that's calling you out (do you always assume people that think you're wrong are unhappy or otherwise defective?). And no, I didn't assume those words you've placed in my fingers. I was, rather, annoyed that I invested a few minutes into a playing field that you'd already moved while I worked.

If you'd permit me a brief bit of my own concern trolling: I remember when I looked forward to reading your comments, several years ago. Now I see your nickname and say "bah, again?" What changed? Was it me or you?

I agree with this demonstration of why acceptance tests are not going to prevent bugs like this, but I'm not so sure about unit tests. I've seen good unit tests reveal a lot of similarly difficult-to-spot bugs. Granted, a really good type system like Haskell gives you more guarantees than a test suite in less rigorously typed languages ever can, but I think you're too quick to dismiss unit tests out of hand. It's a tool in the quiver, and the reason TLS stacks don't tend to have them is not because they are not valuable, but probably because the developers weren't any good at unit testing.

I'm a firm believer in regression tests for complex systems. Sure, this specific case is extremely unlikely to come up again, but in general, it's always good to have that coverage, especially if a large refactor happens later on.

I'm definitely not arguing against regression testing, or really even against test suites for TLS (there should be more of them, and better ones). I'm suggesting that the discipline of aggressively testing code for coverage is unlikely to make as much of a dent as moving to a better language would, and since both are extremely costly changes to the way TLS stacks are developed, we might as well adopt the one that will make us safer.

I claim that writing an extensive test suite for TLS is not nearly as difficult as switching people to a new language. Rewriting in a stricter language, maybe. But Haskell has a big runtime and garbage collection and its own compiler and would be a big pain to integrate everywhere that uses C TLS libraries; smaller compile-to-C languages might be easier, but who wants to use an experimental language to develop crypto code? ...And you'd still want to test it, because although functional programming style makes many bug classes less likely, it's not a panacea. You're still basically hoping that the developer doesn't make a single thinko.

Compared to that:

- Better unit testing is much easier to integrate into existing projects. Yes, it can only prevent a bug if the developer generally thought of the class of error, but at least it sort of forces them to spend some time thinking about possible failure cases, and can detect cases where their mental model was wrong. Also, it helps detect regressions: "goto fail" wasn't a strange edge case the developer didn't think of, it was a copy paste error which good unit tests could have caught.

- Functional testing can be independent of the implementation and written by someone unrelated. They can only do so much in general, but they might have caught both of these bugs.

Yes, audits are another option, but I'd say they should complement tests, not replace them.

ed: oh, and if you want to be really intellectually rigorous, you could try to formally verify your C code; model could have bugs but could also be implementation independent. But I hear that's rather difficult...

"would be a big pain to integrate everywhere that uses C TLS libraries"

I don't all together disagree with your points, however I'd like to pint out that Haskell has a great C FFI:

http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/GHC/Using_the_FFI http://book.realworldhaskell.org/read/interfacing-with-c-the...

It's interesting to think about, but I'm not as bullish.

Stipulate that we're just talking about X.509 validation. (You can still have "goto fail" with working X.509, but whatever).

Assume we can permute every field of an ASN.1 X.509 certificate. That's easy.

Assume we're looking for bugs that only happen when specific fields take specific values. That's less easy; now we're in fuzzer territory.

Now assume we're looking for bugs that only happen when specific combinations of fields take specific combinations of values. Now you're in hit-tracer fuzzer coverage testing territory, at best. The current state of the art in fault injection can trigger these types of flaws (ie, when Google builds a farm to shake out bugs in libpng or whatever).

Does standard unit testing? Not so much!

Would any level of additional testing help? Absolutely.

But when we talk about building test tooling to the standard of trace-enabled coverage fuzzers, and compare it to the cost of adapting the runtime of a more rigorous language --- sure, Haskell is hard to integrate now, but must it be? --- I'm not so sure the cost/benefit lines up for testing our way to security.

For whatever it's worth to you: I totally do not think code audits are the best way to exterminate these bugs.

I appreciate that testing a TLS stack is a major pain. But I'm a bit confused about "move to Haskell" in this context; sure, it would cut down on the buffer overflows, but TLS stacks usually fall to logic errors and timing attacks, not to buffer overflows. "goto fail" can occur in Haskell too: a chain of conditions can still incorrectly short-circuit.

Also note that Haskell doesn't exactly help in avoiding timing attacks. In a sane cryptosystem, you might be able to implement AES, ECDSA and some other primitives in a low-level language and use Haskell for the rest; but as you know, TLS involves steps like "now check the padding, in constant time" (https://www.imperialviolet.org/2013/02/04/luckythirteen.html). You could certainly implement those parts in C, too, and then carefully ensure that no input to e.g. your X509 parser can consume hundreds of MB of memory, and so forth, but you're going to lose some elegance in the process. (Those problems would admittedly be smaller in OCaml, ADA or somesuch.)

I'd be more interested in something like Colin's spiped - competently-written C implementing a much simpler cryptosystem. If only because even a perfect implementation of TLS would still have lots of vulnerabilities. ;-)

(I think the case for writing applications in not-C is considerably stronger, if only because TLS stack maintainers tend to be better at secure coding than your average application programmer. Like you, I do like writing in C, though.)

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