TypeScript is a superscript of javascript. It doesn't have a runtime - it gets transcompiled into javascript. If coffeescript is for writing javascript like you would write python or ruby, then typescript is for writing javascript like you would C#.
I've used TypeScript on a large project I'm working on. Sometimes I regret it. I went with typescript mainly because I was not as confident that I could just jump into building a large JS codebase. Now that I've been in that world for a year, many times I'm wishing that I had just gone with JS from the start, or maybe limited my use of TypeScript to just type annotations.