I don't think this particular bit was in Doom, but there was the fast inverse square root trick[1] that is only a couple lines of code, yet has a very lengthy explanation that requires both knowledge of math and floating point representation.
And how are you planning on doing that if you have no understanding of Maths?
But Doom and early Quake are bad examples of why math is needed. Those were ground-breaking games. Their math has been encapsulated and turned into libraries and things like DirectX and OpenGL. Today, you generally just take a physics engine and 3d engine off the shelf and tweak it a little here and there.