I've had this idea of minimum language version as well. In PHP it should probably done at the namespace level. It doesn't even need new language syntax, just a function to declare the minimum PHP version for a namespace and child namespaces:
set_minimum_version('My/New/Component', '5.7.8');
This could be called in the component itself or maybe by a composer autoloader. Then PHP components that expect different version could live together.
The big problem, as you mentioned, is that the interpreter would have to maintain all the deprecated features and behavior for older versions and that would make development and maintenance of PHP much more complicated.