The Android Training Guide is not a bad place to start at: http://developer.android.com/training/index.html
That should give you a bit of idea of what android development entails.
More resources:
* Android Bootcamp Videos: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mf7z_mrce00&list=SPE953C0B85B...
If you'd like a guided video walkthrough through android, this is an excellent source.
* Android Cookbook Book: http://androidcookbook.com/home.seam Has solutions to common problems. Also check out their code on Github: https://github.com/AndroidCook/Android-Cookbook-Examples
* BigNerd Ranch Android Book: A detailed reference on all about Android Development. http://www.bignerdranch.com/book/android_the_big_nerd_ranch_...
As always despite all these resource, I find that the best way to learn is to just get your hands dirty. Use the resource to get a sense of the Android development world and solidify that understanding by doing a small project like the one you described here.
Hope this helps a bit.