>The rest of it sounds like they botched making this system scalable
these systems just don't scale. In a BigCo with local replication to regional sites it takes noticeable time for such systems to perform. Trying to build such a website - well, it is a government procurement, though i don't think this is a worse one around (Halliburton's and the likes' cost+ in Iraq/Afganistan definitely bigger :).
>normally a single table with fields like
It is "normal" from another world :) The simple way you described would be done by some startup, and they would horizontally partition it when time come to scale. It is not the way the "Enterprise" things are done.