I'd see loans more as band aid for broken social structure: "People would not be able to pay for their important medical bills in case of crises." - If the US had a proper medical care system nobody would have to pay for important treatment personally, "Without student loans only the rich would be able to go to university" - If good education was free (at least until your first master degree) even more people from poor families would dare to get advanced degrees, and so on.
There are a lot of countries in which a debt free life is the norm and not the exception. The only parts of society where loans are necessary seems to be for startups and generally for corporate investments.