Can you explain how they blocked US players? I skimmed that page and only saw "not possible since you play via sending to a bitcoin address; there's no IP to block".
IIRC Satoshi Dice worked by sending Bitcoin to a specific address for a bet and the address changed each time which they displayed on their website. By blocking US players from the website they could legally claim to be in compliance with the regulation (IANAL).
If there is a single Bitcoin mining node (out of thousands[0]) that will accept your transaction, you can play.
Correct. There is absolutely no way whatsoever to determine the originating IP address of a bitcoin transaction, short of global network surveillance.