Example Project Using Chicken Scheme on Android
github.com
github.com
It seems like you end up with either worse applications that can't give the full "native" experience in terms of speed/responsiveness, or you end up with some kind of emulation layer at the UI level that gives a consistent, but worse experience across platforms. In either case, it never quite turns out as planned.
The closest I've seen to this working is maybe games written in C++ that can be fairly easily built for different mobile platforms with a few native language bits done via a bridge where needed.
Native level performance across desktop/server and mobile (and allows targetting the web, including WebGL and WIP support for Emscripten), open-source, reasonably easy to learn (pretty similar to ActionScript 3, so tutorials on Flash get you pretty close to understanding Haxe).
Worth a look IMO.
Speaking for the game industry, C++ is probably the only thing you can use almost everywhere. Some handhelds/consoles have certification gates and their own weird compilers. And almost every platform that runs games can run native code to some extent. Even browsers lately, if indirectly, with stuff like Emscripten and PNaCl.
So languages that compile to C (like Chicken) or have embeddable lightweight interpreters (like Lua) are similarly portable.