Higher social class predicts increased unethical behavior (2012) [pdf]
pnas.org
pnas.org
Studies 3 & 4 were conducted entirely with undergraduate participants taking a laboratory class for course credit.
Studies 5 & 7 were done entirely online. It's not clear how participants were recruited.
Study 6 was done by recruiting volunteers through Craigslist with a "chance to win" a $50 gift card.
There's a lot more here to make me skeptical of any conclusions from this "science".
EDIT: Here are the first three tested "unethical behaviors" from study 4[1]:
1. Use office supplies, Xerox machine, and stamps for personal purposes.
2. Make personal long-distance phone calls at work.
3. Waste company time surfing on the internet, playing computer games, and socializing.
They get a little worse, but it's easy to see why some "upper class" respondents might measure as "more unethical" in this survey: Employers who predominantly hire high skill workers for high salary positions generally don't care about these behaviors and employees act and respond accordingly. Does Google consider it unethical if you photocopy a few "Lost Dog" posters?
[1] http://www.pnas.org/content/suppl/2012/02/22/1118373109.DCSu...
EDIT2: Oh god. And as the link danielweber supplies below points out, study 4 wasn't even run with real participants from different classes, instead, "We adopted a paradigm used in past research to activate higher or lower social-class mindsets and examine their effects on behavior."
That a paper like this can be published (and funded by the NSF!) seems like an awful reflection of the state of the social sciences.
Let me guess... they found that BMWs are exclusively driven by assholes? Any cyclist could have told them that!
Or maybe a professor could divide his undergrads randomly into two groups and send them one at a time for a 10pm stroll through either a high-class neighborhood or a housing project, keeping careful statistics of how many in each group have their money taken from them by violent means. Could differences in willingness to violently rob others be construed as saying something about differences in ethics or greed?
Of course the second study would never pass the research ethics board, but that's okay because, as it turns out, the police keep mountains of such statistics from the natural laboratory social scientists are supposed to be studying. Data on per capita "theft from vehicle" by neighborhood, per capita robbery, and so on, are easily available and could be incorporated into the study, except that...they wouldn't support the desired conclusion, making the study less helpful for promoting other agendas.
As the old saying goes, the best way to rob a bank is to own one. The elite and ultra-rich commit theft and fraud on a scale that would bankrupt entire countries, and start wars with hundreds of thousands if not millions of casualties.
They get laws written in their favor, buy off politicians and judges, hide their gains in off-shore tax havens, and hire armies of high-paid lawyers to protect them -- with the effect that few of them suffer any consequences (rarely anything like the SWAT-style raids and hard jail time routinely inflicted upon the poor for far smaller offenses).
Replace the first word, "the", with "some", and I'm with you. It's undeniably true. And "some" elite and ultra-rich do more good in the world than entire towns full of poor people. This is an observation about leverage, not about differences in average ethics by class.
It's reasonable to assume that the same housing project residents who are so willing to violently assault a passerby and take his wallet or swarm around a traffic accident, stealing what they can from the injured victims, would be willing to "commit theft and fraud on a scale that would bankrupt entire countries" if only they had the means to do so. That they don't do so is probably not a sign of higher ethical standards.
"Are politicians corrupt and steal public money?"
and
"If you were elected yourself, would you be corrupt and steal public money?"
The first had 90% of "YES" (no surprise here).
The second had a 60% of "YES"
This mean if you put a random person in office, 60% of chance they WILL steal. And 40% of chance they might fall into the group of real honest people, or people that steal but won't admit about it.
(disclaimer: I'm not a psychologist, but I've read a lot of papers on social stratification as I used to work on social mobility stuff)
People from higher social classes have a cushion that protects them from the consequences of their ethical lapses. A mistake that would consign a person of lower-class origins to a life of perpetual poverty or prison is frequently just an inconvenience to a higher-class person.
Because their consequences are less severe, of course the upper classes feel more free to ignore ethical guidelines. The real disaster happens when the lower classes decide to emulate them and get crushed.
* Jewelry heir kills two men with his out of control Porsche, pays off the families, gets house arrest. This is after running over a cop a few years earlier. [0]
* Red Bull heir kills a police officer and drags the body with his Ferrari, pays off the family with a mere $97K. [1]
* Aspiring "interior designer" kills two men while driving recklessly in her mom's Porsche. One is killed instantly, she drags the other around a parking lot. [2]
0: http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011-06-03/news/ct-met-le...
1: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2355224/Aspiring-int...
2: http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/09/26/red-bull-heir-pays-9...
[1] http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/business/jan-june13/makingsen...
Here's a pretty critical analysis. http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2012/02/how... "Several of the tests involved people being asked to imagine they were high class, not actual “high class” people themselves."
It's actually a pretty comprehensive study, though this article doesn't cover everything discovered, it is still very much worth reading.
Superiority complex -> unethical behavior economically -> economic superiority -> increased sense of superiority -> unethical behavior in general -> ad infinitum
Similarly, the experiments where subjects were asked to imagine things about their social status or about greed are based on a huge amount of earlier work on priming. That is by now an established experimental paradigm, and the authors clearly assume their audience knows about it [1]. That also is legitimate for a scientific paper. To criticize the paradigm, one should find flaws in the work that established it, not work that seeks to build on it.
So the comments along the lines of "how could this paper ever have passed peer review" seem to me not to hold up very well. You can extract details from most any experiment and make them seem absurd. It's true that the interpretation of these particular findings is greatly open to question, but that's no reason not to publish them when they're both interesting and statistically significant.
On the other hand, the paper clearly doesn't substantiate the enormous claim in its title. It's hard to imagine how any one paper could. Apparently peer-reviewed journals do linkbait too.
[1] Or rather, that's how I read the paper. I don't know enough to say whether this is true.
As a topical comment, the research on this subject is still pretty uncertain, though with some interesting studies. A somewhat-contrary finding is that one proxy measure of altruism, probability of a dropped letter being returned, was found to be lower in poorer neighborhoods of the UK: http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjourna...
The authors of that study have a brief discussion of possible differences in the scenarios:
Our overall findings replicate and expand on previous studies using similar methodology [9], [10] but are in contrast with the findings of Piff et al [11] who find that wealthy individuals in Berkeley, U.S.A. are more likely to not give way to other cars or pedestrians, and are more likely to behave selfishly or unethically in economic games. One possible explanation for these contradictory results is that Piff et al [11] findings are likely due to individual level differences, whilst our findings may stem mainly from contextual neighbourhood effects. Therefore our results may not be in conflict, if good socio-economic conditions in an area lead to increased trust and long-term thinking, even though, within any one neighbourhood, wealthier individuals are less altruistic than poorer people. If this is the case, we would predict that the lost letters in our experiment were more likely to be returned by the poorer individuals in the area, and that the wealthy residents of Berkeley would behave even less altruistic when in a poorer neighbourhoods. These latter hypotheses have yet to be tested. Alternatively, these contradictory results may be highlighting domain specific differences of altruistic behaviour between rich and poor people; for example anti-social behaviours involving competition (such as aggressive driving or cheating in an economic game) may be more common amongst the wealthy, whereas in a non-competitive task (such as returning a lost letter) wealthy individuals behave more altruistically than poor individuals.
In this study, we have shown that individuals living in poor neighbourhoods are less altruistic than individuals living in wealthier neighbourhoods. However, we have not been able to identify the specific neighbourhood characteristic behind this, due to income being strongly correlated with other factors, such as crime. Further research should focus on attempting to disentangle these two factors, possibly by comparing equally deprived neighbourhoods with different levels of crime.
No you're not. ;)
If they define it, people can/will disagree with it. If they don't, they can't/won't.
Or, think of it this way: how many studies with similar outsets but which included a real attempt at a definition for 'ethical' do you think go viral enough to a) make it to HN, and b) get 46 upvotes in 60-119 minutes?
By contrast, the quantitative psych-influenced approach is to pick a proxy variable and measure it, either in the lab or in the field. Much less work, and many people will actually think that style of work is more scientific (it has numbers and p-values). It also makes for better definitive soundbites, because it states a bold conclusion that it doesn't qualify with the dozens of caveats you'd find in a year of real investigation. But it's also considerably more superficial and at risk of measuring based on problematic choices of categories and proxies.
Thanks for the perspective.
Anecdotally, I come from a low income family and witnessed first hand the dissonant beliefs my parents held, that materialistically and socially benefited the rich at our expense, personally, and as a class.
It comes as a real surprise that it is that obvious to you. Are you from outside the United States? Perhaps that may be true in a society that has a shred of class consciousness, but certainly not here.
More reading for the curious: