Rare Cancer Seen In 41 Homosexuals (1981)
nytimes.com
nytimes.com
Edit: Here's the takeaway quote, in my opinion: "Cancer is not believed to be contagious, but conditions that might precipitate it, such as particular viruses or environmental factors, might account for an outbreak among a single group."
Edit2: "Dr. Curran said there was no apparent danger to nonhomosexuals from contagion.'"
http://aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/hiv-aids-101/how-you-get-hiv...
If an HIV+ person sneezes in an elevator, some will have a panic attack, I reckon.
Not to mention the travel bans some countries impose.
1) http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/10/30/hiv-travel-ban-lift...
3) http://www.unaids.org/en/targetsandcommitments/eliminatingtr...
Still much work to be done in informing people, so let this be an opportunity to ask your friends and family whether they know their facts on the matter, as HIV+ people are treated like lepers oftentimes.
Bonus trivia for reading along this far: Andrew Sullivan is HIV+.
Why make that disclaimer?
This sometimes happens, unfortunately.
Even I can't remember the details, but for anyone whose curiosity has been picqued, this explains it well: http://www.aids.org/topics/aids-faqs/difference-between-hiv-....
This world, man ...
(http://www.irinnews.org/report/73892/south-africa-new-report...)
(http://www.irinnews.org/report/93411/africa-the-crazy-things...)
EDIT: Anyone interested in AIDS / HIV in the developing world might like to read PlusNews (http://www.irinnews.org/theme/hiv/hiv/aids)
Including the President. Even his press secretary very embarrassingly dying in his mid-30s from AIDS couldn't change his mind at the time.
There was a reasonable case for HIV is not the cause of AIDS for a while in the 90s, but everything that pointed that way was overturned by further inquiry.
I met an HIV causes AIDS denialist once in university, so I did a bunch of research so find out if he was a crackpot or not. Things may have changed since I looked, but in 2007 there was no credible evidence I could find to suggest that HIV isn't the cause of AIDS.
However, I don't think "denialist" is always referencing holocaust denial... that connection didn't occur to me until you mentioned it. I could only think of "climate change denialist" which may be a reference to holocaust denialism, but that's once removed already.
The really crazy bits are when he talks about whether or not HIV can damage the immune system, by killing T-Cells. I counted 8 mentions of the word "immune", and 7 mentions of the word "T-cell"; and he only mentions them halfway through the document.
Because of the complicated chain of causality (untreated HIV eventually wipes out the immune system, which causes a whole bunch of weird diseases to take hold), it's easy to write thousands of words about why rare diseases (which are called AIDS, in HIV positive patients) are only correlated with HIV, not necessarily caused by it. But in the middle of the article, the crazy bits are there.
It's like reading a long rambling article about why CO2 doesn't necessarily cause global warming (which has a grain of truth to it - it's a little more complicated than that with the role of positive and negative feedback effects), and halfway through the article the author suddenly mentions the greenhouse effect for the first time, then says it's unfounded (which changes the article from slightly crackpot to stark raving mad) .
There's even a wikipedia page with a horrible URL that made me think wikipedia suddenly had hierarchical categories: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism
Gotta keep speaking truth to crazy.
Humans (scientists, doctors, politicians, internet commenters) like to pretend that we know so much about the universe and we just need to fill in a few details to fully grasp everything. This kind of thinking is dangerous at best.
It seems to me every time mankind fixes one problem they create a new one that they have to figure out how to solve.
No wonder, it is waste of money to get phd today
Now people on HN can't seem to get enough paranoia for breakfast.
http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2000/02/foo-fighters-hiv...
In my opinion it is one of the most powerful scenes in the movie, in the sense that it does an amazing job with taking the viewer back to that time period where AIDS was a mystery disease.
I thought it was a good movie but it had touches of right-wing propaganda.
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/statistics/basics/ataglance.html
What an un-PC virus. Doesn't it know we're living in 2013? I'm told reality is supposed to have a liberal bias now.
Second, that shows a fair degree of missing the point of fiction. Sure, in real life, where everything happens according to cold statistics, promiscuous women will tend to get more AIDS than non-promiscuous women and non-promiscuous heterosexual men. Granted.
But this is fiction, a work of art which has an audience and a message, where everything happens because the author wants to. Even if you don't want to, even if you're scared shitless of communicating a Message, you are in fact, as an author, putting a point across. It might not be a message that you as an author subscribe to, but the work is there, and the point is made; and you're just a bad author. And people are naturally adept at finding the core message of works of fiction; we as a species seem to like narrative a lot.
We look at those Nazis melting at the end of the first Indiana Jones movie, and we instinctively get it: they were punished because of their arrogance and evilness (in this case Naziness). Even one Nazi got stigmata, as a symbolical punishment and marker of his inherent badness, that is, Naziness. It's all narrative, and a message gets made, namely that being Nazi is kind of a bad deal. Take Elon Musk, he's the hero in a narrative that pits the Startupy Original Innovators (good) against Sclerotic Big Corporations like Boeing (bad); and it's hinted that badness will be punished at the end and good will prevail, as it is defined in the (narrow, a bit unfair) context of that narrative. A very common and crude narrative structure; and very powerful, by the way.
So, this guy watches Forrest Gump in a culture that tends to shame women that have casual sex, and sees that it just so happens a woman that has casual sex then has (is punished with, the mind readily answers, since it's just too much of a coincidence...) AIDS, because this author just decided for it to happen. And this guy then infers the writer has made a moralizing tale where sluts get AIDS. Now, maybe this author was just clueless and didn't think through the implications of his, or her, decisions; but I wouldn't blame the GP for looking at Forrest Gump that way.
It is funny that after my two sentence post I am accused of being PC (whatever that even means these days) and wanting to deny that some risky behavior and drugs could lead to problems and that I think all anti-war people were angels.
In Forest Gump everyone who is anti-Vietnam war is presented as bad and the woman who choose not to stay in her home town and make house and goes to protests get aids. It does seem like a message.
Some pointed out LT Dan does get his legs blown off. True but it is from no fault of his own, its a random event not him being punished. His gets on prostitutes (who of course are shown an horrible people) drinks a ton, but yet in the end, his life turns out good and he marries an Asian women (you know 'cause he was fighting against them, so this some how is fitting). No punishment for his reckless behavior unlike that slut Jenny.
Are you actually trying to advance the theory that the "genetics" of a particular minority group is a "determinant", rather than social class?
A lack of socioeconomic resources is linked to the practice of riskier health behaviors, which can lead to the contraction of HIV. These behaviors include earlier initiation of sexual activity and less frequent use of condoms (Adler, 2006).
Unstable housing has been linked to risk for HIV infection, including IV drug use and unsafe sexual behaviors (Aidala, Cross, Stall, Harre, & Sumartojo, 2005).
Individuals who are homeless or in unstable housing arrangements are significantly more likely to be infected with HIV compared to individuals in more stable housing environments (Culhane, Gollub, Kuhn, & Shpaner, 2001).
Lack of socioeconomic resources is also associated with risk factors for neuropsychiatric dysfunction, such as exposure to environmental toxins and injuries. These factors can make persons with HIV more vulnerable to the central nervous system effects of the virus, including more rapid cognitive decline and onset of dementia (Satz, 1993).
HIV status often has a negative impact on socioeconomic status by constraining an individual’s ability to work and earn income. Research indicates that up to 45 percent of people living with HIV are unemployed (Rabkin, McElhiney, Ferrando, Van Gorp, & Lin, 2004).
The effects of HIV on physical and mental functioning can make maintaining regular employment difficult. Patients with HIV infection may also find that their work responsibilities compete with their health care needs. Individuals infected with HIV are often discriminated against in the workplace, leading to their termination or forced resignation (Dray-Spira, Lert, Marimoutou, Bouhnik, & Obadia, 2003; Kass et al., 1994).
Children infected with HIV often exhibit cognitive deficits when compared with their uninfected peers (Martin et al., 2006). These deficits can adversely affect learning and earning ability later in life.
SES status often determines access to HIV treatment. Individuals of low SES have delayed treatment initiation relative to more affluent patients, reducing their chances of survival (Joy et al., 2008).
Patients of lower SES with HIV have increased morbidity and mortality rates. Research suggests a correlation between low SES and earlier death from HIV/AIDS (Cunningham et al., 2005).
Accordingly, individuals of higher SES levels experience slower progression of HIV infection (Schechter et al., 1994).
Decreased access to health insurance and preventive services is a major contributor to health disparities between high- and low-SES individuals. Low-income individuals are not likely to have health coverage or receive optimal treatment and care for HIV/AIDS, such as Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) (Wood et al., 2002)
Source: http://www.apa.org/pi/ses/resources/publications/factsheet-h...
Psueodoscience and outright bigotry is "rarely PC", that's for damned sure.
This is all supposition, I'll let others lay down the facts.
Besides she was clearly a troubled youth, with sexual abuse home and her further abusive relationships conveyed early in the movie.
Forrest Gump had very real characters. Jenny had a shitty life, which continued to be shitty by her choices. This really happens to people from shitty backgrounds because they don't recognize shitty situations as shitty, but as normal. Had she stayed with Forrest, her life wouldn't have been that way, but she still could have been the strong woman that was part of her personality. She just didn't recognize when a good thing came her way.
Lots of people did heroin and hookers before AIDS was everywhere, not all of them contracted HIV. That's the nature of a mystery disease. Lt. Dan also fell into a depression that Forrest helped pull him out of, just by being a good influence. Lt. Dan had the life Jenny could have, Forrest made the lives of people around him better by being a good person. Between that and the rapid changes the world went through from 1950 to ~1985 is what the movie is about.
It's not a propaganda film, despite your strongest wishes that it were.
can you really not see the argument being made? the original post was not saying no women got aids, or that no anti-war protesters are wife-beaters. it was arguing that there is a systematic bias.
i don't know if that's true or not, but wilfully misunderstanding or misrepresenting the argument doesn't help anyone.
It also doesn't fit the actual movie. The movie has Jenny making the same poor decisions over and over because that's what her background leads her to. Her personality leads her to protest the injustice of Vietnam, her view of normal gravitates her to the worst of the other protesters. Her personality leads her to being a liberated woman of the 70's, while at the same time drawing her into the culture of abuse and self-abuse that put her in the position to be one of the early contractors of HIV.
There is no bias, this really happens. Jenny was a complex character that was controlled by her demons.
The major characters of Forrest Gump are really portrayed quite realistically.
Someone who notices both her AIDS and her left-wing behaviour will likely be a tiny bit more confident that one causes the other.
(Now, I do see her as a prisoner of her shitty situation, and not as a "liberated" woman.)
So just because some people are woolly headed, artistic endeavours should show only one-dimensional characters? Reality is filled with Syrian rebels who eat hearts, rapists who were nice to their mothers and computer programmers who pray to god.
On the other hand, the fact that we tend to see correlations everywhere also mean we should be more forgiving when one happen to irk us. For instance, I once noticed in a season of 24 that "proprietary" was mentioned twice as an excuse for being harder to crack. The Stalman in me translated that by "proprietary -> better", and wondered if there was some kind of agenda behind that. Then, in season 8, I noticed that "proprietary" was used as an excuse for being harder to get used to. Which gives "proprietary -> worse". So much for the agenda. (By the way, 24 features much stronger and much more objectionable correlations. Noticed how human rights stop where Jack Bauer begins? —though again, season 8 doesn't seem to endorse torture any more.)
Kinda rewarding "bad" behavior though right? this is the first time PG has sorta commented on any comment I have made.
And John Lennon, with his "Imagine", was a wife beater. Do not confuse political convictions with person's character.
I also thought it was great how they handle the subject in that movie. And what about Forest who loves Jenny regardless anything on her past?
Source, please?
Forrest was at the U. of Ark. during the time of integration, and picked up the book dropped by one of the Little Rock 9.
He coined the term 'Shit Happens' and the smiley face t-shirt.
My dad was a professor at the University of Georgia during this time and still talks about what it was like being in the south at that time. Really fascinating to hear him describe it. He actually drove through Arkansas on a university research field trip right when desegregation was beginning to be enforced and saw the National Guard in place to enforce it.
[1]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door
That said I was around 15 at the time I saw it so recent history probably had a lot to do with it. AIDS was in the news a lot more in the 90s.
"Dr. Friedman-Kien said he had tested nine of the victims and found severe defects in their immunological systems. The patients had serious malfunctions of two types of cells called T and B cell lymphocytes, which have important roles in fighting infections and cancer.
But Dr. Friedman-Kien emphasized that the researchers did not know whether the immunological defects were the underlying problem or had developed secondarily to the infections or drug use."
At the time there was also a bit of a dispute between American and French researchers over credit for the discovery and subsequent development of the diagnostic test.
http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14881-was-robert-gallo...
Is that because GRID already was occurring in Africa, and people getting KS and dying of it, or was it just a common cancer in Africa for unrelated reasons?
Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS) is caused by a herpes virus: KSHV, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaposi_sarcoma-associated_herp...
We see KS in HIV patients because they are often concomitant infections and because KS is opportunistic, attacking immune-suppressed people. But, this doesn't mean that KS necessarily goes hand-in-hand with HIV infection.
Particular forms of KS affect younger people: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_cutaneous_Kaposi_sarco... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_lymphadenopathic_Kapos...
KS may have been 9% of all cancers in equatorial Africa just because of a very high KSHV prevalence and because lower life expectancy = fewer age-related cancers.
There was a similar rate recogised since the 1950s http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200004063421407 This article also notes that KS now accounts for 50% of tumours in some countries, with and without HIV infection.
An NHS article which admits that, even today, they're not exactly sure how many incidents of KS are HIV-related http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Kaposis-sarcoma/Pages/Introduct...
One wonders if we are doing ourselves a disservice maintaining a term more inline with shared symptoms instead of separating the diseases into shared causes.
At any rate I'm digressing, but cancer is a fascinating (while horrible) concept that exists in our reality. When you think about it, it is probably more responsible for what we are today than any other force on the planet, in evolutionary terms.
As for AIDS: The fact that it was a "gay disease" hampered everything about our response to it. I'd like to think that we would be much more in tune with emerging health threats these days, but somehow I doubt it. I really hope we have HIV licked in a few years though, because Africa really, really needs a vaccine before it can do anything else really.
The problem was that they didn't know the cause of the Kaposi's Sarcoma outbreak. They correctly suspected a virus caused the outbreak.
It just happens to be a cancer that is overwhelmingly more common in people suffering from HIV than in the general population.
What kind of cancers don't fit this definition?
For example, cervical cancer is often caused by HPV, which is why school-age girls are routinely immunised against it in the UK.
There are many genetic determinants of whether you will develop a cancer, or a particular type of cancer. People with FAP, or HNPCC, or other proto-oncogene mutations such as BRCA2 will have a very high probability of developing a specific cancer in their lifetime.
But the mutation that leads to cancer is a spontaneous event, that is allowed to occur due to a failure of cellular regulation.
There are many viral causes of cancer, as OP mentions HPV for cervical and penile cancer. Other strains of HPV are linked to SCc (a form of skin cancer) and throat cancer. Hepatitis C will cause liver failure and Hepatocellulr carcinoma in approx 20% of infected patients. Infection with H. Pylori can predispose to gastric carcinoma.
Additionally exposure to various 'environments' can lead to cancer - if you have GORD you can develop Barett's Oesophsgus due to the gastric acid irritating lower oesophageal mucosa, which can predispose to oesophageal cancer. if you are an alcoholic you can develop cirrhosis and later Hepatocellular carcinoma due to prolonged inflammation in the liver. If you are pale skinned and live in a sunny climate you are at higher risk for melanoma and if you eat a poor diet you have an increased risk of colon cancer. Smoking and exposure to smoke can give you lung, oropharynx, stomach and bladder cancer.
As of yet we have no idea what, of any, are associations for many of the Brain, bone or Kidney cancers (excluding some toxins for kidney cancer).
Possibly there is no cause.
But in all of these cases, the mutation still arises 'spontaneously'. That is, we all have a probability of developing a mutation that can cause cancer every time a cell divides in our body. In people with Li-Fraumeni syndrome, who have a mutation of p53, almost everyone will develop cancer by the time they are in their 40s. So we know the rate of gene knockout is quite high over our lives, and if it wasn't for immunosurvielance, we would likely fall prey to cancer much faster than we do anyway..
All having a risk factor or infection does is increase the probability that a cell will 'spontaneously' develop a mutation that will make it cancerous, and having more of these mutated cells arising increases the chance that one will evade immunosurviellance and continue to grow and expand.
Bottom line: as a doctor I see all cancers as spontaneous. You could say that x causes y, and in many cases there is a strong association, but in no case is that association as strong as, say, life leading to death, for which there is a correlation coefficient approaching 1.
Why "gay disease" in quotes? Was it not a disease with origins exclusively in gays?
Most of the worlds population don't have the financial resources or the proximity to say, the UCSF medical hospital, where such specialty physicians would be to study such a thing.
There's been quite a bit of discussion of how it got to Christopher Street in New York. My pet theory is that the international drug trade had quite a bit to do with it, but I'm just a computer programmer
A brief history mostly off the top of my head
1 - reagan didn't care at all about aids until an actor friend of his died of it;
2 - the strong perception within the fda was that reagan didn't care about aids / didn't want anything done about it;
3 - reagan allowed his staff to delete a mention of ryan white from a speech;
4 - reagan didn't mention aids publicly until mid 1987
Writing in the Washington Post in late 1985, Rep. Henry Waxman, D-Los
Angeles, stated: "It is surprising that the president could remain silent as
6,000 Americans died, that he could fail to acknowledge the epidemic's
existence. Perhaps his staff felt he had to, since many of his New Right
supporters have raised money by campaigning against homosexuals." [1]
5 - act-up, amongst others, fought with the fda about not just glacial drug approval processes, but also the fda denying access to experimental therapies even to patients without other therapeutic options;6 - I don't remember this as well, but I believe hiv patients also had to fight the fda for early-ending of clinical trials, because they were insisting that people taking placebos should basically die
So some of this is similar to why many gay people of the right age hate Ed Koch, but an aggressive intervention by the reagan administration might have saved many lives.
[1] http://www.sfgate.com/opinion/openforum/article/Reagan-s-AID...
It's also wrong that Reagan didn't utter the word "AIDS" until 1987. Any reporter who bothered to check facts would find that Reagan discussed AIDS funding in a 1985 press conference, just for starters. But let's turn that around on the rest of Washington. Does that mean no reporter asked Reagan about AIDS in the 1984 presidential debates? And that every interview President Reagan granted to a national or local media outlet failed to solicit Reagan's opinions on AIDS until 1985? Using this phony-baloney spin line - that federal policy hinges exclusively on the presidential bully pulpit - is an exercise in liberal hyperbole over hard data."
The original book criticizes then-president Reagan, but also the media (specifically including the NYT) and elements of the medical establishment.
It also gets into controversies within the gay establishment, such as whether to make a fuss about the problem (which could attract attention and lead to "outing" of people), and whether to close bathhouses as health risks.
From the wikipedia page:
Journalist Brian Montopoli of Columbia Journalism Review in 2005 labeled MRC "just one part of a wider movement by the far right to demonize corporate media" rather than "make the media better." Additionally, Montpoli wrote that "false equivalence is at the very root of MRC’s beliefs."
2 - nor does a record of funding disprove reagan's intentional oversight; by 1992 aids was the #1 cause of death for US men ages 25-44 [1] and by 1994 the #1 cause of death for all americans age 25-44 [1]; the funding was wildly insufficient to mount a proper response. And were it not for reagan's homophobia and bigotry, a more vigorous response could reasonably have saved many more lives
3 - while it is true that federal policy doesn't hinge exclusively on what the president says, nice attempt to change the goals. The point was not that the federal government and medical establishment -- despite reagan -- did both their job and their moral duty, but that he intentionally hampered the response. I repeat: it's indisputable that if a disease affecting, well, reagan supporters had killed 20 thousand americans it would have garned a much more vigorous response, one which could be triggered and pushed by the president himself. For example, see the improvement in response under Clinton. I'm sure it's just a coincidence that AIDS was a priority under a president who isn't a homophobe.
4 - brent bozell is a proud homophobe; what a surprise that he manages to find supposed evidence -- though you shouldn't believe a thing he says without consulting a primary source -- finding that reagan didn't intentionally fail a group of americans reagan despised
[1] http://aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/hiv-aids-101/aids-timeline/
edit because i forgot the link
http://aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/hiv-aids-101/aids-timeline/
Reagan has been criticized for his complete non-response to AIDS as well. He mentioned it in passing in 1985, and didn't actually address the issue until 1987. Since AIDS mostly affected homosexuals and drug users, AIDS wasn't exactly a high priority for the Reagan administration in light of the Religious Right's massive power at the time. The popular rhetoric of the era was more akin to "AIDS is God's punishment for homosexuality" than compassion.
http://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/09/politics/09policy.html
To quote Reagan's biographer: "Reagan's response to this epidemic was halting and ineffective."
I take your point (and the sibling commenter's point) about the epidemiologic response to AIDS; I may be over-fixated on the research and development side of the issue.
In other words, it's not as if the drug was invented in response to the AIDS crisis. Once the NIH/NCI made AIDS research a priority, it was a rather straightforward matter to start testing known anti-retroviral drugs. One can reasonably argue that if the government had made HIV research a priority in the late 70s and early 80s, the effective treatments would have been found before the epidemic exploded (for example, contrast to SARS or bird flu, where the index patients are chased down and isolated, and immunological research begins before there are even tens of thousands of patients.)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_the_Band_Played_On#Subject
That's specific to the early years though, pre-Rock Hudson. Obviously a lot's changed since then.
I'm not an epidemiologist so I can't compare the relative complexity of the SARS virus to HIV. But I'm skeptical that HIV presented a massive and insurmountable biologic challenge compared to other viruses.
I also encourage you to look into the epidemiological and sociological aspects of AIDS. It's horrifying, and it colors my above skepticism. The gay community referred to AIDS as a holocaust back in the early 80s, and I would encourage you to read this article at your leisure to see why: http://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/23/books/l-aids-and-the-holoc...
To get some perspective, 1981 was as close to 2013 as it was to 1949.
Edit: Yes, I meant 2013, thanks. Point being: I remember the mid (not early) 80's and it SEEMS so recent and modern but it's as far removed from our life today as 1950's life was then.
2003 1981 - p
22
1981 1949 - p
32My impression is (and I have not studied this) the failure in the HIV epidemic (pandemic?) wasn't a failure to develop drugs, it was a failure to perform basic epidemiological interventions to learn about and slow the progress of the disease.
http://www.amazon.com/AIDS-Accusation-Haiti-Geography-Blame/...
But they didn't know it was acquired, or that it was a virus, or that it wasn't just gay related, or anything else much.
http://www.amazon.com/The-Coming-Plague-Emerging-Diseases/dp...