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Python seems to be used in a lot of contexts, not limited to web development. While Ruby is a lovely language it appears to be used primarily with Rails in a web context.

That's right. Python is popular among sysops folks, and the scientific/mathematics people.

Python also has a large amount of Scientific packages and draws a number of people from that field. Not sure how much that helps the marketshare though. I don't think it's strictly a Rails/Django thing.

Python Libraries > Ruby Libraries, at least outside of the web development world. There is nothing even close to the quality of SciKit-Learn, Pandas, NumPy, SciPy, Mapnik, PyCUDA, Sage, PyQT, PyGTK+, PIL, Celery, etc.

Ruby is an amazing language (as far as mutability-by-default languages go), but it is far too web-centric...which seems to have turned into a self-fulfilling prophesy.

Notice how many of those are actually bindings for C/C++ libraries: a relatively hard problem for most high-level languages, but one that CPython makes very very easy to solve. These days, it's not surprising to see new libraries providing Python bindings from the start.