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Not X11, any app can see or manipulate any other apps screen buffer. It is one reason Wayland is nice.

If your system has MAC you can restrict its file access, but in general you have library support for this stuff built in.

It is also why in most cases it is a PITA to stream 3d rendered screens. Opengl / directX don't provide easy ways like X11 to look at a completed framebuffer and store / broadcast it.

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In OpenGL this is fairly easy using FBO's - http://www.songho.ca/opengl/gl_fbo.html . I have never used DirectX but I would be surprised if it did not allow you to read the framebuffer.

It does. That is how a lot of bots and other cheats are made.

Wayland doesn't provide meaningful security for that case. It's true that there's no protocol support for arbitrary buffer access, but if you're running as the same user (as is the case here) it's comparatively trivial to dup the drm file descriptor and remap the buffers. You may need to be able to guess (or just probe for) the handles though, I'm not sure.

Wayland alone might not, but MAC can limit access to file descriptors

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