You can turn off the "Safe Browsing" features in Chromium; your link [2] explicitly says how to do so.
I can't say I've inspected Chrome specifically in Wireshark, nor looked at the code, so I will refrain from making any claims; I simply don't know.
It would be interesting to have a hash of a file that could identify embedded data but exclude private data. For instance, for a Microsoft Office file it would include hashes of embedded binary assets but exclude the text of the document.
Isn't it incredibly easy to bypass that check by using a randomly generated url segment?
[Edit: Formatting + isn't]
tl;dr No, its not that easy.