We have a service similar to imgix (thumbr.it). The way we serve retina images is that you add @2x to the name of the images with JS, and when we see the image name ends with @2x we serve double the size you requested (see http://thumbr.it/api/documentation/#retina).
I guess the imgix guys do something similar.
Serving different images with exactly the same URL is tricky because it will confuse the cache.