There are only about 7 times more pixels in the modern system in your example.
Yet in the same time, x86 processors have gone from 25 MHz to 3,000 MHz, if not higher. That's a difference of 120+ times.
That's not even considering that basically all PCs (including laptops) and many mobile devices, now have CPUs with at least 2 cores, although 4 or 8 cores is pretty typical, too. Back then, uniprocessor PCs were really the only practical option.
The amount of memory available today is significantly larger, too. At the end of the 1980s, it was impressive to have 2 MB of RAM in a desktop PC. These days, we're generally looking at 4,000 MB of RAM, if not more. That's 2,000+ times more RAM today! When it comes to mobile devices, we're still looking at hundreds of times more RAM. The speed of memory today is also much faster than it was back in the 1980s.
And, of course, we've seen absolutely massive strides in video card technology in that same period of time.
Given those kinds of increases in the power and amount of resources that are available now, JavaScript and the other web technologies have absolutely no excuse for performing as poorly as they do.
I don't even buy the argument that JavaScript is much more portable than C was back then. SimCity was ported to many, many platforms. I remember playing it on PCs running DOS, on an Amiga, and even on an SNES at one point.