Brainfilling Curves - a Fractal Bestiary (online book)
archive.org
archive.org
For example, on their page covering Node-Replacement Curves[1], they mention both Hilbert Curves and Z-Order Curves. They don't describe them heavily there, but they're used in many spatial databases to allow for efficient indexing of two or more dimensional data.
Google Maps[2] for example uses Hilbert Curves internally to allow for fast querying of queries such as "shops within 5km of your house". They've also open sourced numerous libraries that perform these calculations[3][4].
The book interface itself is also quite nice, though I still prefer the PDF copy you can get by hitting the Information button (i) on the top right.
Edit: Wow. I thought that PDF was taking a while to load: the PDF is over 200MB. Maybe best to explore the book online!
[1]: http://archive.org/stream/BrainfillingCurves-AFractalBestiar...
[2]: http://www.vldb.org/pvldb/vol4/p290-venetis.pdf
[3]: https://code.google.com/p/s2-geometry-library/
[4]: http://google-opensource.blogspot.com.au/2008/08/uzaygezen-m...
Edit: more about the author: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Ventrella
The Djvu file is 13MB. (To read these, I use DjView.)
http://ia701203.us.archive.org/22/items/BrainfillingCurves-A...