If I'm using anything else, it's probably chosen because it's purpose specific in some way (like using Prolog for logic programming or R for statistics, etc.).
We're not really doing anything that uses a desktop UI interface (ie, it's all web based) but I have some ideas for some things we may do later that we might build on top of SWT (Eclipse).
Then again it depends on what you are developing. PHP is good for what I'm doing but not necessarily for games and such.
If I needed to make something that ran ON the user's hardware Python or C would be my choices.
https://github.com/philipbjorge/Turbo-Impress
Specifically, I use the Node Webkit project which is an app runtime built on top of Chromium and Node.js. A pretty neat way to get effectively free cross-platform support on Windows, OSX, and Linux.
https://github.com/rogerwang/node-webkit
I'm not sure how Sublime is getting their cross platform support. I've been interested in it for a while though, so I hope someone chimes in.
The framework that satisfied all these conditions was Simple DirectMedia Layer, version 1.2. Cross-platform games and applications which have been in development for over a decade can be ported with incredible ease to Android.
I have a particular focus on Android though, so your needs may be different in other cases.