Bitter Pill: Why Medical Bills Are Killing Us
healthland.time.com
healthland.time.com
I experience situations like this again and again while travelling abroad from the US, but this one put me in shock.
But my dad had to have few operations for cancer,and now takes a very expensive drug called Glivec($3000 for a box of 30 pills, needs two boxes per month), everything is completely refunded by the government as a part of public health care. He also needs to travel to Warsaw at least once per month to pick up his medicine from the hospital there(you can only do it in person because of how much it costs), which means he has to take a 4 hour train journey - he gets it completely refunded.
Due to most health care being employer based or provided by the government (medicare/caid, military, veterans etc) there isn't really any individual choice, and you can't really take your business elsewhere.
For that reason, I do not believe a list of remedies is the way to go here. Especially trying to increase hospital taxes -- that has as much chance of working as spitting in the ocean increasing global sea levels.
Whatever we do, we have to fight the complexity actively -- even if it doesn't directly lower costs. We can understand these things as basic software architecture principles. A couple of small suggestions:
- Eliminate needless architectural tiers. Make it illegal for anybody but the patient to pay healthcare providers. If you have insurance, fine. The insurance company pays you, then you pay the provider.
- Decouple the hospital (building and administrative staff) from the services being provided
- Standardize components. Mandate that all services provided must be in a free and open market. That means open pricing (bidding), public consumer reporting, outsourcing if possible, and so forth.
- Require interoperability. One provider cannot require that another provider be used. It's the provider's responsibility to interface with other providers
- Establish naming conventions
You get the idea.
The point here is that we've been playing whack-a-mole. Some guy goes out and writes a wonderful article about the complexities and problems with the market. So new adjustments are made to fix them. They only create more problems, which some other guy goes out and writes about. Each iteration may take many years. Over time the amount of cruft and inefficiencies is staggering. If we continue with this strategy of fixing the problem it's just going to get worse.
This method of problem solving hurts. Let's not do that anymore.
As a result, doctors needs to get paid far more, especially specialists.
Cost: minimal depending on country
Australia and the UK: 6 med school, or an undergrad and 4 years postgrad (min. 4y) + 2 years general training + 5-6 years specialist training (12-13 years)
Cost (aus): 7k per year of undergrad study Pay (aus): 56k starting salary (up to 80 w/ overtime)
The US/Canada: 4 years undergrad, 4 med school, 5-6 years training - 14 years
Cost (us): 30-50k per year study Pay (us) : ~45k intern
So the time taken to training completion is not drastically different (a year or two) but the total debt rung up does weigh on not just he doctors but everyone employed with a degree in the us:
Having said that, it is often said that doctors in the US earn more than their colleagues overseas: this is not true; although the top 0.05% may have higher earning capacity on average the US doctor earns about the same as elsewhere (certainly between the US and Australia anyway)
When you take int account lifetime debt and interest payments i feel that US doctors are getting a raw deal really
I'm not sure if some of that was supposed to be irony. In terms of healthcare, the government pays almost half of the cost of providing care in this country. Not only does it give massive tax breaks to employer provided health insurance plans it also directly writes the regulations that govern almost every aspect of healthcare. In a sense, the government is already running your healthcare if not outright paying for it or compensating the hospital then running the system that provides or incentivizes the structure of the health insurance plan you have.
We the people, we the people.
Sorry, laws are important, as are taxes. And while you may not use roads, the rest of us do. I don't have children, but I pay taxes for schools. I'm okay with it because education is important. While you may be able to afford health care, many cannot. You reap the benefit of healthy citizens as well. Healthy people, and people out of debt, promotes a better economy.
Libertarians, who would have you believe we should be free to do just about anything, fail to recognize that without a framework that defines acceptable behaviors, the social situation will quickly degrade into a free-for-all survivalist state not unlike parts of the world where the government has collapsed completely.
You can argue that the rules are too strict or too lenient, but arguing against rules period is insanity.
Also there is not the separation between provider and payer which results in providers angling for the most expensive treatments, only forced down by a payer who regards the patient as an unwanted liability. (This has been partially subverted in the British NHS by ill advised privatization.)
There's numerous examples in this article about how Medicare pays more reasonable prices for things than anything billed out to consumers.
Insurance companies often get the same sort of deals, but they certainly don't pass on the savings.
Yet the article says that the $800 billion a year the US government spends on Medicare is what's driving the federal deficit. So is Medicare part of the solution, or part of the problem?
Secondly, Medicare would be better funded if it was paid into like virtually every other single-payer system.
What's driving the deficit is taxes that are too low and military spending that's too high.
Might work in the short run in a small and homogenized enough population, where everybody basically only needs the same type of care; beware if you ever get a rare condition, since there is no incentive to specialize, and the regulations for "edge cases" are written as they are discovered.
The real solution to high medical prices is to lower costs, foremost of which would be insurance premiums doctors need to pay to cover their practices. This can be accomplished through tort reform. The best part of this is that if you don't like insurance companies taking money, this reduces that purely by market action.
The NHS does approve experimental and innovative treatments, and it does treat rare conditions. It also chooses whether to offer, or not offer, expensive new drugs. This, again, is democratically accountable - if it refuses a drug that is widely seen as life saving, the tabloids will pressure the politicians into turning up the heat and forcing it to change course. Also there absolutely is an incentive to specialize; the NHS pays a doctor's salary, so (provided it's willing to hire them) they do not have to pick a specialty that's profitable.
Moreover, the NHS, being free at the point of delivery, is willing to take on expensive treatment of poor people. In Britain, the idea that someone might go untreated perhaps for years for a quickly treatable illness, because going to hospital would bankrupt them, is seen as abhorrent and barbaric.
Ill health strikes randomly without regard to wealth; health of everybody benefits everybody. Therefore, everybody should pay according to what they can afford, everybody should be covered according to what they need.
I was not targeting the British NHS, in fact, I didn't mention it. However, I would point out that:
> the idea that someone might go untreated perhaps for years for a quickly treatable illness, because going to hospital would bankrupt them, is seen as abhorrent and barbaric.
Is not the same as having a rare condition. You have added (1) quickly treatable, and are assuming (2) easy to diagnose.
Doctors here in Canada can still be sued for malpractice (and with few exceptions, doctors are NOT employees of the government; they are independent contractors), so that entire line of argument is bogus, like every single American argument I've ever heard against a true universal health-care system.
Second, if I were, then small and homogenized could just as easily apply to a geographically concentrated population with the same macro drivers of external illness vectors (climate, weather and epidemiological proximity). Odds are that if the flu is going around the UK, the person coughing has the flu.
[EDIT] Third, I did say might and the short run...sometimes social engineering problems can take a while to diagnose, and can be difficult to treat.[/EDIT]
And just like anywhere that regulations spring up (Canada or not), regulatory compliance becomes a de facto legal defense against malfeasance.
If we do go to a government based system we need a way to make the government accountable for KEEPING costs down while still providing the best care they can to everyone. I don't think that just saying "let the government handle it" is the right mentality. We must first establish a mission for that (emerging) department of the government and keep them to it.
Also, how can we switch to a national health service, while we are over budget by about 40%? Sure, let's do it, but that would mean a reduction of government elsewhere by 40% first and THEN we could being to take other parts away while adding a national health service...
There are dozens of universal healthcare systems to study and implement against. Most are single-payer (France, the UK, Canada) but some are based on heavily regulated mandatory private insurance (Germany and Switzerland, IIRC; I could be wrong).
In every case, the government says "this is the price that you are allowed to charge for service X", which is based on cost-to-deliver plus a reasonable overhead (like the Medicare price in the U.S.).
Eliminate the for-profit healthcare crap like was described in this article and most of the American overspending on health services goes away. Not all of it, but most of it. As a side-effect, the health care system will become more efficient and could finally become an effective partner in providing health security (both for individuals and for the nation; having a functional health care system is arguably important for national security in an age where biologicals are a fear).
I would interject "who would think that a complex set of interlocking incentives would lead to improvements?" Who?
The whole arrangement seems like Ayn Rand's bad acid trip despite there being many articulate and intelligent people who have bought Coolaid, with and without personal gain involved.
Pile incentive on incentive till things are ready to break, rationally rearrange things up a bit till the process of exploiting perverse incentives takes hold again and things are once again ready to break.
And this situation "interesting" only from the outside. The intellectual irony is lost those dying or having their lives ruined.
A substantial portion of the country can see that marketization is simply something doesn't scale for medical care. State health care has pretty much been shown itself to be the only sensible way to organize health care in a modern industrialized society.
That won't take us there because the population of opportunists who make tremendous profits from exploiting the present perverse incentives is huge and they have essentially completed regulator capture and virtual state capture.
What will happen? It's mostly the relationship between a parasite and host. The parasite has an incentive to keep the host alive but an incentive to keep the host healthy. Sounds like the future.
I suggested we take him to the hospital. He refused. "I can't afford that. They're already chasing me for $16,000". He worried that they'd refuse to treat him. I informed him that legally, they were obligated to, but of course that would cost money.
In the end, he stayed home. His wife promised to either call us again if he got particularly worse, but both of them were reluctant, even then, for him to go via ambulance - "At least that way we can save about $1,000".
It is a sad day in a civilized, modern society when fundamental decisions on healthcare are made purely on finances, not quality of life.
I don't understand how you were sold on the idea that you are in a civilised society when one of the fundamental aspects of living in one is that your neighbours will help you when you can't help yourself.
Having the option to choose against a service, or being physically able to choose another service vendor if one is ripping you off are some of the core rules keeping the worst absurdities of capitalism in check.
Without them, the result is that people are being held hostage - pay here or die here. People aren't usually inclined to choose the second.
Free market healthcare is veterinary, plastic surgery, lasik or maybe even dentists. Those sectors haven't seen skyrocketing costs.
Anyway, the US would probably benefit from a hybrid system: government provided baseline care with option to purchase private upgrades.
Good care is incentivised for all
(many of the expensive drugs mentioned in the article, for example rituximab and the breast cancer treatment drug Herceptin, and many other drugs that would cost >$50,000 for an individual, are bought by the government and made available for anyone who needs them for a maximum cost of $36.10)
And doctors can still earn good money in private practice if they so desire
As a side note I am currently an Australian medical student taking a surgical placement in a Boston hospital. A surgeon in Australia can easily make the same amount of money as an American surgeon; they will earn on average twice as much during their training years (base salary for a first year graduate in aus is ~$56,000 extending up to ~$80,000 with overtime (paid hourly) vs ~$45k for an intern in the states who is salaried and not paid overtime.
First year attendings/consultants in Australia generally take home $200-250k, exactly on par with US doctors
With the added advantage of not having 200-500k in student debt (I have been a student for 10 years by the time I graduate later his year and will have $45k in student debt)
Also, of course, a lot of the things that may be minor in comparison to true life-and-death scenarios have very real consequences concerning the ability to take part it everyday life or being able to work.
Having two fingers cut off might not kill me, but I'm quite sure how I would react - even if somebody offered me a hefty cost to reattach them, I'd choose that over spending the rest of my entire life with only eight fingers.
Universal health care that is either free or affordable without ruining your finances is absolutely possible today. Defending it behind some thin veil of "personal liberty" and the like is cute, but doesn't map to reality.
But that's besides the point anyways - the fact that people make health decisions based on their economic situation is fundamentally wrong.
Also - I live in Germany and even if it's N=1, I have yet to see the doom and gloom that I always hear is supposed to be my reality.
People make all sorts of major decisions based on their economic situation, including what type of food to eat, where to live, and how much education to invest in. It's not fundamentally wrong, it's how the world works. It's up to individuals to determine what amount and type of health care, shelter, education, and food they need. Not some bureaucrat.
> I have yet to see the doom and gloom that I always hear is supposed to be my reality
I have yet to see it in my country (USA) either, but then again we are but two data points, aren't we?
I disagree completely. Providing basic care as early as possible to people is the best way to catch problems earlier and reduce overall cost of treatment. Anything that gets in the way of a person seeking basic care, such as payment or wrangling with insurance, means that some people will choose not to seek or will delay seeking basic care. Universal health care options that do not require individuals to pay at time of service are far better for removing barriers to accessing basic care.
Preventative medicine is the most cost-effective, which from a profit perspective is the worst possible thing. If you want your for-profit hospital's revenues to go up, what you need is lots of critically ill patients.
Auto insurance companies want safe drivers who will never ding their car and continue paying a low but steady premium, not reckless drivers who wreck their car every month.
I'm sure there's a Nash Equilibrium here where people need to be "optimally sick" and this is a point some distance from "perfectly healthy".
The $1300 seems reasonable considering the people and resources involved but the game of financially destroying people without insurance in a nation where people are denied independent coverage for something as trivial as allergies needs to end.
Access to group health insurance alone can be reason enough to choose a corporate job over an entrepreneurial lifestyle once you have dependents.
A big lesson here is that once you create an industry - no matter how destructive it turns out to be - you cannot easily get rid of it without huge political costs due to the number of people who would wind up unemployed if you got rid of said system/industry (and who would wind up hating your and your political party, which may mean you start losing elections.) Who is going to risk that except for fanatics?
The private health insurance market is a well known example of this.
A 20+ times difference? how can they justify it
Still one has to flinch when you see the pay some NON doctors get. Then again, its the same in education too. Some of the highest paid people in public and college education are not educators.
The real question is why new hospitals don't open up and charge less than these hyper-inflated retail rates and compete on price?
I'm only on page 3, maybe that's addressed too - but I doubt it.
You don't just get a group of skilled doctors together and say, "let's make our own hospital!"
Rent-seekers + regulation agencies = regulatory capture = barriers to entry = no competition.
[1] = http://www.ama-assn.org/amednews/2010/06/28/gvsa0628.htm
In no other industry is there such a difference between the sticker price and "discount", where those who can least afford to pay have to pay the most.
Is this accurate? It was my understanding that payment practices with insurance providers is what causes the high sticker price of any given medicine or service in hospitals, even though insurance companies and programs like Medicare do not pay those prices, only those who pay out of pocket do.
Insurance companies negotiate rates with hospitals/doctors/etc. Medicare _dictates_ rates which providers can either accept or reject.
The reason the Medicare cost of an Xray is ~$20 is because it was decreed to be that expensive. It has no bearing on the cost to provide the service since the hospital had no input in the reimbursement decision.
You can search and easily find reports about how doctors restrict the number of medicare patients they see because the reimbursement rates for care are too low.
The solution to a 10% shortfall is not to gouge those not responsible for that for at least a 150% minimum profit (up to 800%).
It's not right, but I know how they justify it.
Health insurers negotiate a "discount" rate, that doctors tolerate for two reasons. The first is that the insurer will actually pay. The second is that, since insurers direct patients, they have leverage. One might call it extortion, in that the physician either needs to accept the insurer's rates, or end up "out of network" and get no patients from that insurer.
Uninsured patients have no leverage, and the vast majority of them never pay their medical bills, so the people who do pay get marked up severely.
The funny thing is, I ask healthcare professionals the same question and it is always just chalked up to the broken economics.
That is purely human "greed".
I somehow doubt that self-selection of patients needing such imaging is occurring.
Who is least likely to fight back against robbery? Sick people.
Health insurers get the best part of the deal. Knowing that sick people often don't have jobs and, as a group, rarely have money, they take the money when people are well.