Yes, in the case of splines you have this by definition.[1] If you want a algorithm for generating formulas from pixel graphics ( with nice properties), then you can

1. Separate the graphics into distinct line segments. 2. Take from each line segments a few points and do a (cubic) interpolation of the line segment. 3. Cut the line segment into two half, and redo 2. if you are not satisfied by the lines.

If you look at the formula, then you will see that something quite similar happens. The formula is always a sum of several sines, times two Heavyside step functions. [2] The trick here is, that the product of two Heavyside functions will give you a function that is one for some interval and zero otherwise. Effectively switching off the part of the sum outside of the interval. And the sum of sines is essentially a Fourier transform of the line drawn.

[1]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spline_%28mathematics%29

[2]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaviside_step_function

There's no magic. Terms of the form X(t) * th(t-a) * th(b-t) mean "draw X(t), t going from a to b". X(t) is a primitive trigonometric arc, th(t) is a step function. Gluing together arcs simply meaning defining terms over successive [a,b] intervals and adding them.

And is there a way to create other stuff like this? It would be neat to be able to draw some simple thing with your mouse on a canvas and then have it generate an equation that makes it.

Makes me wonder whether someone could make a simpler one.

This seems like an image that could easily be created with the Pen Tool in Photoshop. Which, if I understand correctly, is a sequence of Bezier curves[1].

[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9zier_curve

I don't think finding a formula in general would be hard; I'd imagine there's a pretty easy method akin to fourier or Taylor series for arbitrary parametric shapes. But doing so in a compact formula doesn't feel like a trivial problem.