There are software tools for analysis developed to standardise what can be standardised and to force people to use templates for their analysis, but they are generally not great and getting them developed is always politically and financially challenging.
IMHO engineers find it difficult to identify and extract the common processes because every part is slightly different and complex and usually requires its own judgement calls to be made about how to deal with it. This leads naturally to everyone doing things their own way and therefore using the most flexible and cheap tool there is...Excel.
That's not to say there aren't common processes and higher abstractions to be made, it just requires people to look hard for them and think about things in a way that does not come naturally to the industry. They also need to have the clout to get people using them.
I think things are changing some what with modern aircraft though. My opinion is that judgement is playing less of a role in many cases and we are moving to brute force analysis i.e. Just throw it at the computer and analyse it all in great detail.
This leads to more common processes and standard ways of sharing and moving data around.
It's a big problem and I enjoy working on it but the support isn't always there to invest in it.
The cost of designing an aircraft is tiny compared to the overall lifecycle of the aircraft and the costs involved in manufacturing. So the industry would generally prefer to keep operating in the same old ways rather than take risks on new things. Especially new things that involve upfront investment. Just my opinion anyway.