Yes. You read about how the cache works, and design the code to take that into account. This is usually done through techniques like cache coloring (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_coloring), loop tiling (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_tiling) and other techniques that depend on the way that the cache works internally.

In addition, many CPUs provide prefetch instructions to make sure data is in cache before it's used, or cache-skipping loads and stores to prevent polluting cache with data that's only ever touched once.

Well, I am not as well-versed in optimization, but there is this:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_timing_attack

If you can exploit the effect that cache has on latency, it is reasonable to assume that you can manipulate it in other ways.