The European WEEE Directive forces vendors to take back old consumer electronics free of charge. And tech companies tend to offer fairly generous recycling schemes for recent-ish kit (so I'm happy to get a new phone every 3 years as I know I'll get a ~45% discount when trading in the old one).
Those are the sort of programmes which could be built on - so, for instance, you could mandate a floor on trade-in values so that manufacturers would have to pay, say, at least 5% of the purchase price to take back even broken, obsolete, or life-expired items rather than merely not charging.
Yes, that might need to be reflected to some degree in the purchase price for lower-margin goods, but there'd be a bunch of positive effects - making it worth the manufacturer's while to prioritise reuse and recycling when specifying components, reducing the risk of inappropriate disposal, supporting a secondary market for component reuse (as already exists in places like Shenzen), and reinforcing a less disposable culture.