Post hoc, propter hoc? Or was it ante hoc? Software comes with an assumed set of business rules; rules imply roles, and roles imply organization. Adopters of ERP systems are told that they are infinitely customizable; what actually happens is that the implicit model and the actual model fight each other to a bloody draw. Where the software wins, the organization loses, i.e. is forced to change. /Perhaps this is what Conway observed./