gst-launch-1.0 v4l2src device=/dev/video0 ! videoconvert ! autovideosink sync=false
I guess it just has an HDMI capture chip on-board. If you have a spare USB port, these are under $20 everywhere.Any decent ones? I own a few that I use for managing (semi)headless machines and they all manage maybe 2-3fps
Then there are all kinds of USB cards from dubiously named manufacturers, most being some white label chip that everyone uses. Some can work decently, some have a terrible capture rate like you mentioned. Due to the nature of these sellers popping up and disappearing, I can't really make a recommendation.
The lowest end of HDMI captures used to use HDMI-PAL converter wired to an S-Video capture chip onboard. That was completely superseded by MacroSilicon MS21xx chips that actually capture HDMI. The ones that are now everywhere are based on those MacroSilicon chips.
I have a bunch of the Hagibis branded ones, and they work perfectly for capturing 1080p60 from laptops and cameras.