In the US the passport applicant must provide their own photos as part of the application. I recall having to do this in Ukraine and Hungary for residency applications as well but in those countries they take the photo that ends up on the document. By contrast the US prints the actual photo you provide onto the physical passport.

For this reason vain people (like me) may pay a photographer a few dollars to take a photo that is at least well lit and doesn’t appear to have been taken in a morgue.

I would not risk using an AI tool to adjust the photo. If the photo were to fail a facial recognition match against my actual face for some reason I would not enjoy having to explain myself at every border crossing for the next ten years.

I would assume most of the countries nowadays do this at least if you apply in home country, it can be different in embassy abroad, I remember taking photos of my year old kid born abroad, good luck with that in embassy (the trick is taking photo from above while kid is looking up laying on some white sheet).