Yes. About 20 years ago, I was to a family reunion, with (almost) all of the descendants of my maternal grandmother's parents. We were over a hundred: mmm and mmf had 9 children, who all lived, all got married and all had at least two children, many had more. The next generation did well too.

Many years later I got into family history, and looked into what happened to mmm's sister, who emigrated to the US. Turns out she had six children, but only four lived up, no one had more than two children, and her last descendant died during covid. It's technically possible there are descendants of course, but then they're "off the books" and would have been unknown to that last guy who died.

mmm's three other siblings too have no descendants - one moved to US, fought in WW1 and died a bachelor at over 100, the two others died shortly after age 18, both in drowning accidents.

So, even back when fertility was much higher, just because you had children and grandchildren didn't mean you'd have descendants a few generations further down.