PDP-11 was a 16bit byte-addressable minicomputer that was extended to 22 bit physical addresses through MMU. VAX took PDP-11 and extended it into 32bit flat addressable paged system.
PDP-10 was 36-bit, word-addressed with 18bit addressing (plus segment extensions in KL-B that were only really implemented in 3rd party follow-ons, a mainframe-in-all-but-name.
VAX would mean starting from zero unless nearly everything was written very high-level, which is doubtful given the optimizations needed to run so many simultaneous users.
EDIT: Another major difference was how PDP-10 was from an era where everyone with a (under)graduate students to throw at the problem was making custom modifications to hardware.
Like some early multiprocessor PDP-10 being done with hand-soldered MP bus done by students.
It was a wild place