Granted I've never seen something like this where the chain includes a government agency saying "it's totally on this guy", but normally you can get good results from writing a dispute letter to the debt collection agency telling them to prove that you really owe this debt. The state of the industry normally means that they will not have gotten anything like actual proof from the hospital, just a line item in a spreadsheet... and if they can't prove it they're legally barred from contacting you about it or reporting it to credit bureaus.

(I've never done it, but I suspect you could get rid of a significant percentage of real debts like this, just on the strength of the industry's terrible record keeping practices.)