most Android phones have a separate Android system running in the modem
Very strong doubt. They're usually running a RTOS. My experience has mainly been with Mediatek's, which use Nucleus Plus.
The OP may have confused things with the ultra-cheap USB modems which are actually a headless smartphone, and those do run Android: https://liliputing.com/this-dirt-cheap-4g-lte-modem-on-a-usb...