Why Are There No Empires in Age of Empires? (2019)
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acoup.blog
Is it lower APM and therefore less RSI? A more niche market?
Top 4 at the latest ASL are all born before 1995 - they're all millennials. None of them are from the first generation of BW pros, but they've been in the game for a long time.
Now the meta is quite established and it’s much easier to get better at decision making through practice than becoming physically faster.
It’s very complex though while the factions are mostly symmetrical there are over 30 of them and they all have marginal advantages/disadvantages. Games are more usually than not won through optimally utilizing them. So in tournaments drafting became very important since using the same civilization twice or by opposing players is almost universally disallowed. So to be successful you need to outwit the opponent by picking the right faction(s), be capable of making the optimal strategic decisions and be very fast/good at micro (which is also probably more important than in most other games since arrows are not heatseeking missiles and pathfinding is extra wonky)
Maybe a few pros have been playing for 20+ years, but most of the top players (by championship wins) are young.
Hera, Lierrey, Vinchester, Lewis...are in their 20s. And even the previous #1 Viper isn't that old.
I'm also in my 30s. You could've played this game at 12 and still been playing it without turning 40
In practice I suppose this must have been the case because you can’t easily impose monocultures especially when information travels slowly.
That makes me curious if military tactics of the time also had regional variation and if the relative strengths of various regions came from their awareness of certain tools being effective. Bringing in a foreign army with its foreign techniques might have been like bringing small pox to a population- they’d have no defense the first time around so if you’re fast you get them all.
Altogether an enjoyable read. Thanks.
I highly recommend...the author's blog for very in depth articles about this subject including
- this one on mounted warrior cultures and how they often dominated https://acoup.blog/2020/02/28/collections-the-fremen-mirage-... - this long series on why the legion ended up dominating the phalanx https://acoup.blog/2024/01/19/collections-phalanxs-twilight-...
However, Rome (and Byzantium) were actually very good at integrating conquered populations into their culture.
Very early in the empire, a law made all conquered people officially Roman, with all the benefits and protections it entailed.
After 2-3 generations, there was not much difference between a Roman from Gaul and a Roman from Rome: they spoke the same language, worshipped the same gods, had the same education, and viewed themselves as Roman. And critically, the Romans from Rome didn't see their compatriots from elsewhere as different.
The Senate was composed entirely of men, but apart from that it was a DEI dream. Some of the emperors were dark-skinned, originating from current Syria: we only know because of their genealogy, their portraits, but otherwise no one cared enough to mention their skin colour, especially in a negative way.
To such an extent that, for most of their existence, Rome and Byzantium did not actually fit the definition of empire.
Wouldn't call this "early" in the empire. Caracalla [1] did this in 212AD by granting Roman citizenship to free noncitizens, well after the beginning of the empire in 27BC. W Roman Empire fell in the late 470s so about half of the empire's lifetime had severe legal stratification between citizens, free noncitizens (peregrini) and slaves.
https://acoup.blog/2019/11/29/collections-where-does-my-main...
The article talks about it, and makes the point that people who created AOE may have been biased by the same misconception that is also visible more generally. And it is an interesting thing to raise.
edit: in fact, it is illustrated by the ridiculous recent Elon Musk fit about "the odyssey" cast, itself fueled by the misconceptions that "having black guys in a roman army is woke because everyone knows the romans are not black".
And I suppose New York as a major centre of the American empire. Multicultural cities are the rule rather than the exception.
And yet the kind of diversity you're probably expecting was incredibly rare in both. There's enough demographic data to know that.
London is quite possibly the most diverse city in the world.
Edit: I thought perhaps New York might be more diverse, so I hedged but it turns out Toronto is! I would not have guessed.
New york is also diverse but if you look at demographic data from historically not that long ago and are racialising then it really wasn't. Those shifts are recent.
What roman army are you talking about ?
Also yeah the vast vast majority of the romans were not black just like how in some african kingdoms later one could see a very rare arab trader or slaver but they were for the vast vast majority black.
Black people in the Roman empire isn't that far fetched when you consider Rome had a huge presence in Africa and the Trans-Saharan slave trade was thriving at the time. Rome also had contacts with Merowe (Kush) through Egypt and other client kingdoms in North Africa. It's not a stretch to imagine a small but steady stream of black slaves (possibly manumitted later), mercenaries and merchants trickling into the empire and spreading throughout, especially when one considers that the military was one of the very few social advancement possibilities if you weren't already from an aristocratic or at least land-owning family (Rome would give veterans a money payout equal to all of their 20+ years' service arrears plus a bonus and Roman citizenship at the end of service, allowing one to retire in relative comfort).
So they wouldn't be as frequent as in the US, but they definitely wouldn't be an oddity either.
> It's not a stretch to imagine
It’s not a stretch to imagine a lot of things but there is no evidence that was true to any significant degree (besides the demand for slaves in Roman Egypt was likely substantial enough to absorb most of the demand)
No, I mean that North African client kingdoms and tribes, or the Roman themselves, would routinely trade in slaves and hire mercenaries or bring in merchants through the trans-Saharan trade routes.
>It’s not a stretch to imagine a lot of things but there is no evidence that was true to any significant degree (besides the demand for slaves in Roman Egypt was likely substantial enough to absorb most of the demand)
There literally is, as pointed out at the top of my comment. You can look it up.
Most of them like septimus severus you mention and the maurorum are north africans and then the historia augusta mentions a single black ethiopian. And it gets some weird amount of focus seemingly purely due to modern sensibilities in an anti racism drive and to create a sense of belonging. Same with how a lot of the story around the HMT windrush is wildly stretched or downright myth.
"It's not a stretch" .... "possibly manumitted later"....
Colonial era europe fairly certainly had many times more and outside of a few hotspots...they were still an oddity. They didn't just go back, didn't get selected out so that they didn't routinely show up in genepool research. They just aren't there in the demographic data. Fuck this is not that long ago. My great grandparents never saw one in the flesh.
What does it say about people who relentlessly push back on it? It's not like people are arguing Rome had the same make up as the US. The thesis is fairly weak ("a small trickle of black people shows up because Rome was diverse and a unified empire that favors large scale population movements") and yet a large contingent of people seem intent on saying "no, not even that". I didn't mention anything about anti-racism drive, that's odd of you to bring it up.
>They didn't just go back, didn't get selected out so that they didn't routinely show up in genepool research. They just aren't there in the demographic data.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnfBYO53jhg
(Africans in Anglo-Saxon England)
That they don't like it when you twist and manufacture history for idiological purposes.
>and yet a large contingent of people seem intent on saying "no, not even that". I didn't mention anything about anti-racism drive, that's odd of you to bring it up.
Because typically it is "no, not even that". You get idk how many zeroes behind the decimal marker to describe the percentages and yet they're always massively disporortionally there.
>I didn't mention anything about anti-racism drive, that's odd of you to bring it up.
Because so much of this extreme overrepresentation and twisting comes from american anti racism push and to give a sense of belonging in a eurocentric vision of history. Either that or engagement ragebait (see queen victoria was a black woman, cleopatra was a black woman type stuff). Movies about african slaver kingdoms, movies about british royalty, movies about medieval france, movies about greek mythos now, elves described as white as snow. It becomes impossible to not notice it everywhere.
And then we start seeing it outside of media like i mentioned with the HMS windrush stuff where suddenly the government and BBC starts entirely fabricating history seemingly to justify current migration policy. I pick this as an example because it's more known in the anglo world and is also much more recent and easily debunked but the same goes for random bits of colonial history for other european nations. It becomes so wild, pervasive and ever expanding in such a short period of time that you can't even call it out without sounding like a far right conspiracy nut all of a sudden. Even if you know it's the truth it makes you feel dirty pointing it out, like you're going against the crowd with some easily verifiable stuff. it's a red cloth for some including me.
The winners write history becomes so accutely clear. Except the winners aren't a party in an actual war and nobody reasonable wanted a culture war.
>>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnfBYO53jhg (Africans in Anglo-Saxon England)
So these skeletons had ancestors from sub saharan africa which could refer to a direct or tiered generational migration of very few individuals. It's that it's so extremely rare that makes us take note. Hell it's because it was so extremely rare that we can spot a lot of these differences in incomplete dna and skeletons to begin with.
There are also reports of very few chinese emisaries in the roman republic and similar asian showings. In Britain and italy there were some skeletons that were claimed to be of east asian origin with a more direct link.
I don't think we need this extreme overrepresentation to begin with but why are these people so rare in arthurian fiction, medieval and roman dramas. I don't suddenly see chinese or arabs in outlaw king or what have you. I see a much more contemporary makeup slanted towards the american one and then i see "people are arguing Rome had the same make up as the US." Constantly
It looks like there is a huge imbalance between the "ideologically-driven intellectual dishonesty" contributions.
From the same author of the initial article (Bret Devereaux), there are more recent blog posts and even podcasts talks about what the author calls the "chuds", which are members of the public interested in history but who turn out to be ideologically motivated.
These groups have few characteristics that make them different from "normal amateurs": 1. they hate academics and confronting their views outside their bubble, 2. they have shallow knowledge (instead of "small localised deep knowledge" of normal amateurs), 3. they use their historical understanding "politically" (as opposed as someone who just enjoy understanding the past but does not go to the extra step to use it to support a future social ideal), 4. they are aggressive.
These characteristics should be independent of the political alignment: from this alone, there is no reason a right-wing chud has more probability to exist than a left-wing chud. And you easily expect the left-wing chud to have to same characteristics (because the origin of these characteristics is that these individuals first come to history with their ideological conclusions and acquire these characteristics when the reality or facts are contradicting these conclusions).
But what is interesting is that these chuds are overwhelmingly right-wing and pro-"how dare you say there were black Romans".
I'm sure that if you look long enough you may find left-wing and pro-"50% of blacks everywhere", but that is order of magnitude smaller (Devereaux points to Twitter account with huge following).
And I'm sure there are politically-correct mistakes. But it is not clear these mistakes are 100% ideological rather than the normal Gaussian curve (an intellectually honest person may sometimes underestimate, and may sometimes overestimate: the existence of overestimation examples does not mean it is the result of a problem). Or, even more interestingly, that these mistakes are due to the presence of right-wing chuds muddying the water (if you see a group that you know is unreliable defending some conclusions, you will be biased being more critical towards these conclusions, or you may "over correct" by swing of the pendulum).
So, I think it's a bit easy to just conclude: "That they don't like it when you twist and manufacture history for idiological purposes." to the question "What does it say about people who relentlessly push back on it?". A lot of people pushing back are not doing that because they don't like twisting and manufacturing history for ideological purposes, they are pushing back because they want to twist and manufacture history for their ideological purposes, and are angry if someone comes with something different (being for ideological purpose, from honest mistake, or even because it is the correct scientific approach).
I would agree with you if there were prominent left-wing chuds. But it's not the case, it looks like the pro-"presence of black romans" may sometimes get it wrong, but are less ideologically dominated than the anti-"presence of black romans".
(and to take back the example that started this specific thread: Elon Musk does not complain about The Odyssey because of respect for history. One of his prominent problem with the movie is that "the most beautiful woman" is black, which he judges as impossible historically but apparently, there are texts of this area praising the beauty of women that appear to be African. Musk's reaction is purely ideological: he does not know history, he does not care about it, he just saw something that was not particularly a-historical and concluded it was because he has a problem with "wokeness" and see it everywhere)
I think you're behind on internet culture which admittedly moves fast. This is not some term of the author nor doe is tie to history enthousiasts. the attempt at internet antropology feels distant and like framing.
>there is no reason a right-wing chud has more probability to exist than a left-wing chud
I'll try to ignore the word usage and i conflict with even the american misnomer left-wing here. I'd call them social progressives to be charitable. That said...hollywood is dominated by the later and quite notably also dominated by americans which are notoriously race obsessed many of which with a modernised iternalisation on the one drop rule.
Somehow it doesn't register with them that in places on the other side of the ocean such a diverse cast would be unrealistic in the LIVING memory of old people at a time when those areas were already hundreds of times more diverse than they once were during the times of the illyad and what not....because of the inventions of modern boats, more recently planes, colonialism, etc. I don't think my great grandparents on one side who never traveled to major cities and not to the city much even saw a black person for example. Ever. For my grandparents it happened quite late in life.
And yet there's nothing to compell me to say that a hundred years back there were none to be found at all across the country. They were just incredibly rare to the point that diversifying a period drama or raceswapping characters would be extremely noticeable. And again, this is when the place was already more diverse than the period many such films depict.
>I'm sure that if you look long enough you may find left-wing and pro-"50% of blacks everywhere", but that is order of magnitude smaller (Devereaux points to Twitter account with huge following).
That's a strawman just as much as saying these folks on the other side are all claiming the cast should all be blond (off the top of my mind i can only think of achiles being described as blond tho there are others that have their skin or eye colours described) It is simply not the case.
>And I'm sure there are politically-correct mistakes. But it is not clear these mistakes are 100% ideological rather than the normal Gaussian curve (an intellectually honest person may sometimes underestimate, and may sometimes overestimate: the existence of overestimation examples does not mean it is the result of a problem). Or, even more interestingly, that these mistakes are due to the presence of right-wing chuds muddying the water (if you see a group that you know is unreliable defending some conclusions, you will be biased being more critical towards these conclusions, or you may "over correct" by swing of the pendulum).
Please. The mistakes are persistent, consistent and pervasive. It becomes so extremely clear. In a bunch of cases this can be taken charitably but not in the way you describe but simply by noting that a lot of them are american movies drawing from local peoples in hollywood with no intent or ability to be accurate. But the recent phenomenon of loads of people claiming these to be accurate however can not be taken so charitable. It also becomes clear because with some effort I can start listing dozens of movies that do this. It's even more clear because comparatively you don't see these "mistakes" in historical settings featuring the perceived underdog. 'The woman king' doesn't have random groups of white people in west africa. In fact it also doesn't show the Dahomey with slaves like they were known for historically, it does the opposite. Additionally we don't make movies about various native american peoples (and there are plenty of examples) where suddenly we depict a bunch of them as scandinavian looking just because we believe some of those made it to north america. We know that even if they did they'd be a rare, because of living memory, because of old photos, because of modern geneology, etc. When we insert tome cruise as the white insert character in the last sumurai they don't depict the brunt of the other characters being japanese as a diverse bunch even tho at that point in time transport had evolved so much that japan was already more diverse than ancient greece. Only ancient europe randomly gets american levels of diversity and then loads of americans defending that as historically accurate.
>may sometimes get it wrong, but are less ideologically dominated than the anti-"presence of black romans".
So if like you i try to make their side look charitable I should ascribe no ideological motivation to black actresses saying queen charlotte was black, claiming cleopatra was black, etc, etc.
>One of his prominent problem with the movie is that "the most beautiful woman" is black, which he judges as impossible historically but apparently, there are texts of this area praising the beauty of women that appear to be African.
Again you're taking an uncharitable view yourself. The character is described as "white-armed". All the character descriptions lend themselves to the typical mediteranean look at the time where some notable but not unlikely character descriptions are noted. We know what those ethnicities around the area looked like. It's a race swap. It's just as much a race swap as if someone made a movie featuring characters such as mansa musa and they made him look scandinavian.
We also know these things because for the most part we can tie them to modern ethnicities and we have such a large coverage of genetic research that we can quite easily tie modern peoples and ancient corpses down to them. In fact that propensity for the vast majority of people to not move around much is both why tales of travels such as the oddysey exist and why these genetic isolates formed in the first place.
First, as for the diversity in Roman era, I think it's incorrect to compare it to 100 year ago diversity. It looks like it was the error done previously and historians now acknowledge it was stupid. We find more and more black people at an unexpected fraction. Historians are realizing that people of the roman era did not care about the color of skin as much as our mentality driven by "what is was like 100 years ago" would let us think: some people were mentioned abundantly in historical documents and it turns out they were black and no one cared enough to even mention it; or people being buried in the cemetery as anybody else, with no trace that other citizen at the time even cared (so, no, they were probably not "incredibly rare"). Other elements, such the strategy of the roman empire itself to force trade within the empire or to send troupes from remote lands to manage other remote lands, also indicate that it is not as easy as you think it is.
But my main point, that you don't really react on, is that the phenomena of the "diversity in cast" is order of magnitude lower, in dangerosity and aggressivness, than the phenomena of "right-wing chud". Trust me, if the "diversity in cast" crew was as common and as aggressive as the "right-wing chud" crew is, you would cry right now. It is just another level. It does not mean that the "diversity cast" crew is ideal, sure, they can be criticized when they are doing things that are not smart. But it is strange to totally ignore the ugly right-wing chuds while happily defending their talking point (even if they are right), it just feels your intervention is not about "truthness" or "correct history", it is more about "culture war".
As I've said, there are order of magnitude between the presence of right-wing chuds and left-wing chuds. The right-wing chuds are way more imposing their views on the society. If you are worried about "rewriting history", Hollywood is not at all a real problem. And the "problem" with using a diverse cast is really not a big deal. What is the bad consequence from it, exactly? That people who currently have a totally incorrect understanding of the diversity during the Roman era will now have an incorrect understanding of the diversity during the Roman era because somehow they will base it mainly on Hollywood movies that show actors with __american accent__? At the same time, Nolan's movie is also presenting a story very neoliberal (the economy theory) and friendly-globalisation-story. But strangely, this aspect, totally inaccurate, is apparently not a problem, the problem is "omg, he used a diverse cast that may not correspond to the reality of the time". People being obsessed around that are just idiots playing the "culture war", they are not defending "history" or "truthness".
I don't really recall the movie, but I remember one guy complaining that one movie was criticized for not having a diverse cast, pretending it was being cancelled. Looking up the article they were talking about, it was an article giving the movie 4.5 stars over 5 and encouraging people to go to see it. There was just one sentence saying something like "the cast was a bit disappointing, not super diverse". Parallel to this, the reaction to the Odyssey, for example, are "rage". Right-wing people are really angry about it, they see it as a danger for society and are adamant it is a bad movie, ignoring all other aspects. So, the idea that "diverse cast" is a dangerous cult destroying our society seems to be a bias: people who, ideologically, don't like the idea of diversity, will unconsciously blow everything out of proportion.
So, no, your argument don't really work. You are worried about the people who "see diversity everywhere". Well, sure, maybe there are idiots there. They are rather harmless. Currently, the real problem is the right-wing chuds. These are the aggressive people, these are the ones who want to stop the movies they don't like. They are the ones who want to create movies with, on purpose, rewritten history in it.
And as for the "white-armed" description, if it is really the point of the criticism, then it is even more stupid (and even more uncharitable). First, let's ignore that Helen of Troye is fictitious, half-swan, that "white-armed" may also mean "aristocrat" (same way nowadays we can say "blue blood" without meaning their blood is blue) and all the difficulty of usage of color in Greek text (but I'm sure an answer to that is "academic who say that are all woke"). But secondly, are they stupid enough to complain about a race swap in a context where the actress has an american accent? And what about all the other actors? Or maybe they are obsessed around white-to-black swap because they are too stupid to understand that, because of recent decade of racism, swapping a black character for a white character may not be a smart thing after years where black people were treated as inferior and had no visibility, but that swapping a white character for a black character is not much a bigger deal than swapping a blue-eyed character with a brown-eyed character.
The Master of Orion series includes mechanics for your conquered planets being less productive at first if they are mostly peopled by an alien race. In the WG reboot at least, there’s even a government agency you can build on a planet to get it to assimilate faster. It also supports the idea of low-morale planets rebelling.
Eventually you'd own all the land and your units would just be camped along the beachline, enjoying some downtime.
Except NvN games, I except FFA and 2v2v2v2 games to show elements of empires, it's only games with two sides where minmax becomes a viable strategy and damaging the enemy is the same as strengthening yourself.
Two powerful players can decide to cease hostilities in order for each to preserve their own ability to ultimately win the game, but if one player's ability to win has been irreparably compromised, then they will probably just fight to the last man in a way that real civilisations pretty much never do.
And if the victor dies, you would then be free. Not necessarily game ending. And it might match up with actual history too, how many towns have outlived their tributee empires?
Is this addressed in EU5 with its new population/culture system https://eu5.paradoxwikis.com/Population / https://eu5.paradoxwikis.com/Culture? I have not played it yet.
> an empire is a state where the core ruling population exercises control and extracts resources from a periphery which is composed of people other than the core group
By definition, doesn't the later Roman Empire cease being an "empire" as there isn't really a "core" population anymore outside of some vague multi-ethnic military aristocracy.
Sure, Rome had a few lingering privileges and prestige, but little in the way of direct power. And certainly, the post-crisis Empire didn't exist to siphon resources on their behalf. Heck, pretty much as soon as the 3rd century crisis ended Italy itself lost most of its special status and more or less just became yet another province.
And once that was gone, they weren't really replaced by anyone except the imperial bureaucracy and aristocracy itself. So who are the "core" people here, because if "an aristocracy" is enough to count, then who the heck isn't an empire under this definition?
Maybe it's enough that they began as an empire under this definition. Or maybe Devereaux is fine with the stereotypical Empire losing its status as an empire long before losing its territory and power. Or perhaps would have some counterargument at hand if he happened to read this. Who knows.
It's almost harder to define what the core of the Galactic Empire even is. We are told Coruscant is core to the Empire, but the glimpses of it in the Old Republic era certainly implied it was a very diverse place and we aren't really shown Coruscant in the films of the height of the Galactic Empire. To some extent the only truly "core worlds" and "core peoples" that we see in the films are the Star Destroyers and Deathstars, the military demanding taxes from every planet they pass.
The Empire may not be taking full advantage of the military power of a diverse people because of the over-reliance on clones and treating draftees as if they were clones when the clones start to run out, but beyond that it certainly seems to resonate like an Empire in the way this article describes an Empire to me.
The Galactic Empire showing a clear citizenship "caste" favoritism of Citizen/Officer Humans, General Humans, Cloned Humans, Aliens, and then Droids, but also working with all of those at the same time in its military efforts (there are a few aliens in the Empire's military, there are a lot of droids) does seem imperial in the way the article suggests, especially because that core of clear "Citizen/Officer Humans" seems so relatively small versus they armies they command of all the other types.
>The third, predictable and annoying argument is “stop overthinking it, it is just a game.” Which is – if you will permit me to paraphrase C.S. Lewis – an unserious ‘boy’s philosophy’ unfit for adults. Video games are cultural products, like books or films or any other – and to say that those cultural products have no impact or importance is to argue against the historically obvious, given how frequently we find such things at the roots of important political ideologies, social movements, and wars.
>I bring this up not because I demand utter historical accuracy in my games – I will almost certainly happily play Age of Empires IV despite this. Instead, I bring it up because I find that this overly simplified view – sometimes, depressing, held to be the truth by some – in its errors, reveals some important things about empires, which again, I should note, seem to have been the dominant very-large-scale organization system for humans generally in the historical period.
First it tends to obscure the necessarily diverse nature of empires – as we have just laid out and perhaps more to the point, it obscures the power that empires derive from being diverse....
Plus, some films are like Casablanca. Some are like History of the World Part 1. Additionally, if someone relies on media like Age of Empires, The Empire Strikes Back, or the novel Empire by Gore Vidal to gain an understanding of what an empire is, just because the word empire is in the title of these works, there are bigger issues at hand...
The author, basically, says: I know games are not realistic, but the way AOE illustrates a misconception gives me an opportunity to talk about this misconception because too many people are still seriously believing it.
Of course, movies and games can take all the liberties they want, the author does not care about that. What the author raises is the fact that too many people still have an incorrect idea of what is an empire, and that this idea is a bit ridiculous when you look at the fact.
And it has current real consequences. For example, there are political parties that rely on such misconceptions to sell their fake news (edit: as illustrated below with someone commenting that the correct description of "empire" is the result of the author being "woke").
I would like the article better if it took an approach such as "Age of Empires is a bit of a misnomer, let's explore the actual definition of an empire," rather than its current combative approach.
I think you may have missed the point.
Indeed, you should write about what you wish especially considering the authors usual material. Even so, I didn't have the relationship between distinctively modern ideas of diversity (in a positive light) and traditional empires within a critique of "Age of Empires", a real time strategy game! on my bingo card. These are the sorts of ideas for better or worse that only an "intellectual" will come up with.
I guess the point I’m making, is that empires are very complicated, and trying to reduce them to being solely a thing imposed by one group onto a periphery in order to extract resources is almost as reductive as to say they only exist through colonization and genocide.
While it’s reasonable to say that people get their view of the world through media, I think it’s fine that media can contain simplifications of reality. Otherwise I would have to play Europa Universalis, which is boring.
... Wait, how? I mean, I think popular culture _does_ generally gloss over the Italy-is-not-Roman dynamic, but movies and so on often depict auxiliaries. And certainly anyone who looked at the history would struggle to come to this conclusion.
Maybe those people literally _are_ basing their knowledge of Rome on Age of Empires!
(The Civ games eventually kind of figured this dynamic out; there are independent small nations which you can subjugate, though the subjugation is often fairly... whitewashed, and may consist solely of sending them a bunch of embassies.)
ETA: To add, as a young nerd I did appreciate the history section of the game.
It's not a great argument because the game takes place pre-empire, and the end of the game is intended to be when one player, the winner, is now an empire. This is evidenced by the final age in the game being called the Imperial Age. Most empires in history fought their neighbors in more or less the same manner as exhibited in the game before they became big and strong enough to be an actual empire.
I guess you could make an argument that the game doesn't transition into the most powerful player beginning to behave like an empire in the imperial age as you keep steamrolling your opponents until the end of the game, but it's a weaker argument and it's not clear why you would want to change the entire game's mechanics right before the game ends.
wonder ful point