Of course, the brain adapts. I played an online shooter at >100 FPS using my 144 Hz monitor (when that was the best). I visited a buddy who's PC could only muster 30-40 FPS, and he asked me to show me how I played, since he struggled.
I sucked so bad due to the extra input lag. Felt like my character was running in a pool of molasses. But after about 15-20 minutes my body adapted, and my performance started increasing and my hits started connecting more reliably. I got to about 90% of my regular performance after 30 or so minutes.
So while one could tell back to back, one could also compensate. But at some point the extra input lag will matter, and will get you killed or make you miss that shot. Hence why I could only get up to ~90% of my normal performance on my buddy's PC.
[1]: https://jov.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2213289
If you can be accurate to below 5ms, an additional millisecond of input lag makes a big difference.
I'll concede that pure prediction absolutely exists in FPS games-like tracking a falling player with the LG in Quake 3 or landing a predictive mid-air rocket. In such cases smoothness of high FPS helps, but adding a 1ms drawing delay to those 500FPS (what the article is about) won't be noticeable at all because your brain naturally calibrates out constant hardware delay.
So yes I agree over time you wouldn't be able to tell 1 ms from 2 ms, but a skilled player doing back to back comparisons might be very different.
Adapting is doable, but after years of rhythm games, yeah, no.