It's not limited to Japan. The French call them 'trognes'
https://www.agroforesterie.fr/la-trogne-arbre-paysan-aux-mil...
Other countries do it too :
https://www.agroforesterie.fr/la-trogne-arbre-paysan-aux-mil...
Other countries do it too :
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollarding
[edit: clarification]