China managed it by keeping US tech out despite, initially, not having alternatives to Google et al.
In winner takes all industries you MUST be protectionist and develop domestic alternatives.
In winner takes all industries you MUST be protectionist and develop domestic alternatives.
Therein lies the rub for the EU. They think they can just regulate such alternatives into existence, yet have time and time again failed to provide such alternatives.
All the large US tech companies are also global. Cuts both ways.