Rails is written in Ruby, and Django in Python. That's by far the biggest (and maybe only) difference.
An older overview is available here: http://www.vaporbase.com/rails-django
&c.
For instance, if you want to use a class like it was a MySQL table, you could include a few ActiveModel classes which will make things for ActiveSupport helpers work with them.
http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveModel.html - pick and choose what you want in your classes. This was one of the major changes in Rails 3
EDIT: just to clear it up, by ActiveModel I mean Model. Rails is convention over configuration and adheres to the MVC pattern and philosophy
Web frameworks really only differ in philosophy, and in this case, both are batteries-included, monolithic frameworks. They are practically identical solutions.