Even taxing the rich won't solve the deficit, at all. However, taxing the middle class to fund all the various social programs people want is political suicide. So we are stuck here.
The remainder is going to have to come from a combination of cutting non-discretionary spending and taxes. Then you just have to hope that you can grow your way out of the problem.
We spent a very long time getting ourselves into this position and it's going to be both long and painful getting ourselves out. Unfortunately, the people with the most influence over policy are the same ones who won't stand for either tax cuts or reduced spending (except for small items they can cut to punish their ideological opponents).
The economy isn't influenced only by taxation, there are many other important factors which are never considered by the mainstream economists, corporate and government public figures.
Fiscal policies are very important but only in the overall policy mix. Asking "Who do we tax to fix the deficit?" is the wrong question, neither the deficit nor the many other problems can be fixed by taxation alone.