I love the idea of extending markdown to include more visual elements, but if you're not careful you just reinvent HTML.
Here's my personal take on extending table syntax for charts. Easy to write, and if a renderer/parser understands the syntax you get a beautiful chart, and if it doesn't you get a table with slightly weird headings:
| Month::x | Revenue::y1 | Cost::y2 |
| -------- | ----------: | -------: |
| Jan | $82,000 | $51,000 |
| Feb | $91,000 | $56,000 |
| Mar | $95,000 | $58,000 |