For example, the GNU Image Manipulation Program now has non-destructive workflows and adjustment layers - and can easily easily be configured with photoshop-like keybinds anyway.
That's not to mention free-to-use tools like Affinity.
The things an architecture student needs it for are:
Photo adjustment:
Lightroom -> Darktable
Photo retouching:
Photoshop -> Affinity Pixel or Gnu Image Manipulation Program
Vector drawing (which for us is mostly processing from 3d modeling programs):
Illustrator -> Affinity Vector or Inkscape
Board and Book Layout
InDesign -> Affinity Layout or Scribus or VivaDesigner
Plus, for motion graphics and video processing, my partner and I have had great luck replacing AfterEffects and Premiere with Blender and DaVinci Resolve, respectively.
And ... believe it or not, I've had excellent luck with LibreOffice Draw as a PDF editor, so anything they would have needed Acrobat Pro for is covered by that (and / or PDF SAM).
The real "sticky wicket" is Revit. Autodesk has been a FAR more abusive company for FAR longer, but it's what we're stuck with - although the emergence of the BIM Workbench (Building Information Modeling) with the release of FreeCAD 1.0 [0] and the continued development of BlenderBIM (oh, now called BonsaiBIM) [1] at least gives some hope.
Anyway, for the Adobe replacements, here's more [2] based on [3]
[0] https://wiki.freecad.org/BIM_Workbench
[2] https://github.com/KenneyNL/Adobe-Alternatives?tab=readme-ov...
[3] https://x.com/XdanielArt/status/1799474607055102257/photo/1