It is a common pattern among those that don't want to learn build systems, which isn't exactly the same.
None of that happens with a single file C++ library.
There isn't a single build system without issues, other than siloed languages without language standards.
Header libraries only started to be a thing when scripting generation educated in Python and Ruby during the 2010's turned into compiled languages.
You can take multiple single file libraries and put them into one compilation unit. Then you have minimal files and minimal compilation units. Compilation is faster, everything is simpler.
I'm talking about real pragmatic benefits and you're making some vague hand wavy judgement without any tangible explanation.
And if you're going to point out Go or Rust, it kind of works as long, nothing else is used, and they don't need to interact with platform SDKs.