You would be surprised to see how much the japanese IT industry is behind the times (a decade at least IMO). There is only a very limited startup culture here (both in size and talentpool and business ideas), there is no real risk taking venture capital market here (maybe Masayoshi Son is the exception here, but again he tends to invest in the US mostly) and most software companies use very very very outdated management practices. On top of that most software development had been/has been outsourced to India, Vietnam, China, etc, so management see no value in software talent... SW engineers' social recognition here are mostly on the level of accountants. Under such circumstances japan will never have a chance to contribute to AI meaningfully (other than niche academic research)

Have you heard of Mistral? I would consider Mistral major, albeit not frontier.

1. The US and China are two biggest economies by GDP. 2. The US is the default destination for worldwide investors (because of historically good returns). China has huge state economy and the state can direct investments into this area.

The Koreans have released some good models lately. And Mistral is also release open weights models that aren't too shabby.

Model development takes a massive amount of capital. As far as I can tell, capital in Europe is a lot more risk-averse than in other locales.

Mistral, huggingface, etc. And things change fast in this field.

Cause Europe only good at writing fines for other tech companies

Have you heard of Pleias ? Their SML baguettotron is blazingly fast, and surprisingly good at reasoning (but it's not programming-oriented).