The Nova framework for classifying processed foods was created in 2009 by a Brazilian epidemiologist

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_classification

Presumably, since the first citation in the paper is said epidemiologist (Monteiro), this is the framework they rely on.

Unless you’re intent on scientific gatekeeping, in which case having actually read the reported study (it’s linked in the article fyi) would have offered much more effective methods of rebuttal than semantic quibbles.