The reason you don't see spam in Kagi is because nobody is targeting Kagi specifically.
They can probably get away with a lot of stupid rules that would backfire if anybody tried to cater to them specifically.
They can probably get away with a lot of stupid rules that would backfire if anybody tried to cater to them specifically.
But let's play devil's advocate and say you are right and spammers are successfully outsmarting Google - well, Kagi does use Google results via SerpAPI by their own admission, meaning they too should have those spam results. Yet they somehow manage to filter them out with a fraction of the resources available to Google itself with no negative impact on search quality.