How do you add the molecule? Well, you're not just dealing with single-digit numbers of molecules. Have an oxygen tank with a flow meter for example, open the valve to release the required volume of oxygen. The ideal gas law tells you how many molecules you let out.

How do you know when you have to do it? The sensor tells you how many oxygen molecules you consumed, as a proportion of the current flowing. So just let oxygen flow into the tank at the same rate as you're consuming it. Which you know because the device literally measures how much oxygen it is consuming.

I think the real issue is that the explanation in the tweet is from a physics perspective rather than an engineering one, which means it reads like it was implemented with impossible magic.

The issue here isn't the setup, it's with people understanding it.