8h job is definitely more expensive to them than a 1 minute one, but I'd guess that the actual reason is that this way they earn more money, and dissuade users from using a third party service instead of their own runners.
This isn't aimed at people actually self-hosting; it's aimed at alternative hosted runners providers. See this list
The costs for GitHub doing action workflows (excluding running) is less related to job duration.
The most charitable interpretation is that per-minute pricing is easier to understand, especially if you already pay runners per minute.
The less charitable interpretation is that they charge that because they can, as they have the mindshare and network effect to keep you from changing.
the only rational outside rationale is this has the best financial projections, equitability with the customer be damned
gotta make up for those slumping ai sales somehow, amiright?