It doesn't, because logic bugs generally have, or can be made to have limited scope.
> And likewise in reverse - you can have a memory safety issue that doesn't result in a vulnerability or crash.
No you can't, not in standard C. Any case of memory unsafety is undefined behaviour, therefore a conforming implementation may implement it as a vulnerability and/or crash. (You can have a memory safety issue that happens to not result in a vulnerability or crash in the current version of gcc/clang, but that's a lot less reassuring)
It’s also trivial to discount, since the classical evaluation of bugs is based on actual impact, not some nebulous notions of scope or what-may-happen.
In practice, the program will crash most of the time. Maybe it will corrupt or erase some files. Maybe it will crash the Windows kernel and cause 10 billion in damages; just like a Rust panic would, by the way.