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Surely those systems have fallbacks for those lacking mobile service entirely?

For a government website like Social Security, the fallback is for the citizen to go to the local office instead of authenticating credentials remotely at home. Same situation with the IRS tax refund website. The ID.ME identity website used by the IRS rejected VOIP numbers. If a person wants their tax refund released without giving up their phone # to ID.ME, they need to drive to the IRS office and verify their identity in-person.

For the software-verify-phone#-with-SMS, there was no other option. If one theoretically didn't have a real mobile phone #, there was no way to buy that software.

EDD in California doesn’t have any physical location for this, but that’s one of the smaller catastrophic failures of California’s current governance. This is despite giving away, with no accountability to tax payers) over 50 BILLION dollars to scammers and multinational organized crime during the pandemic.

No, most don't. I've used that approach in the past for privacy and in recent years most services started blocking it with no alternatives.

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