Small anectode;
My wife runs a cafe in Ankara, Turkey. A week after opening a random cat walked in and claimed one of the chairs.
We started feeding him. Then another walked in... We left a large automated feeder outside and started spaying / neutering, vaccinating, deworming them. I think we neutered close to 20-30 cats. A couple needed medical intervention (broken limbs, infections etc). And 2 I had to put down because they were too far gone. This effort alone put the neighborhood kitten population in control.
The place was aimed at health conscious / vegan people so the theme fit with cats hanging around.
It is really emotionally and financially draining to do these things. I've been fortunate enough to fund everything myself but I assume it is hard when scale grows larger and there is not enough help.