As far as they say, messages are deleted once delivered, or retained up to 45 days if not:
Devices are always retrieving messages from their mailbox when they are
online, and as soon as the device confirms they’ve gotten a message, it is
deleted from the Signal servers.
If a device has been offline for a while, it may have a lot of messages
waiting in its mailbox when it returns. Today, Signal will hold a message in
a device’s mailbox for up to 45 days, giving an idle device a chance to wake
up and fetch it.
(source: https://signal.org/blog/a-synchronized-start-for-linked-devi..., dated Jan. 2025)